{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T12:45:43Z","timestamp":1792845943151,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"PeerJ","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769040000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The millipede order Siphoniulida is one of the most enigmatic and rare groups within Diplopoda, with fewer than 10 complete specimens known from two extant species and two amber fossils. This study presents the discovery of a new species,\n                    <jats:italic>Siphoniulus porosus<\/jats:italic>\n                    sp. nov., from a tropical montane cloud forest in Veracruz, Mexico, representing the highest elevation record for the order in the New World. We obtained the first molecular data for the order, a DNA barcode sequence of the Cytochrome C Oxidase I (COI). Detailed morphological analysis using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that, unlike previously described species,\n                    <jats:italic>Siphoniulus porosus<\/jats:italic>\n                    sp. nov. exhibits ozopores, challenging the current understanding that Siphoniulida lack these structures. Phylogenetic analyses using both Maximum Parsimony and Bayesian methods were conducted, including a reassessment of existing morphological data considering the presence of ozopores in Siphoniulida as the ancestral state for this character. The results suggest a phylogentic position within the subterclass Eugnatha, though relationships in this group are not resolved. This discovery indicates a potentially greater diversity of Siphoniulida in the Neotropical Region and highlights the need for further exploration of montane cloud forests to discover additional species.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.20594","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T08:17:41Z","timestamp":1769069861000},"page":"e20594","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Insights on the enigmatic millipede order Siphoniulida (Myriapoda, Diplopoda): a new species bearing ozopores and its phylogenetic implications"],"prefix":"10.7717","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Ernesto","family":"Recuero","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales-CSIC, Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E. Karen","family":"L\u00f3pez-Estrada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia"},{"name":"Unidad de S\u00edntesis en Sistem\u00e1tica y Evoluci\u00f3n, Instituto de Biolog\u00eda, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Curt W.","family":"Harden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plant Industries Division, West Virginia Department of Agriculture, Charleston, WV,  United States of America"},{"name":"Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, United States of America"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"4443","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.20594\/ref-1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asd.2013.10.003","article-title":"Revival of forgotten characters and modern imaging techniques help to produce a robust phylogeny of the Diplopoda (Arthropoda, Myriapoda)","volume":"43","author":"Blanke","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arthropod Structure & Development"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.20594\/ref-2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1896.tb55430.x","article-title":"Introductory note on the families of Diplopoda (in The Craspedosomatidae of North America)","volume":"9","author":"Cook","year":"1895","journal-title":"Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.20594\/ref-3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-45501-8_3","article-title":"Defensive secretions of millipeds","volume-title":"Arthropod venoms","author":"Eisner","year":"1978"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.20594\/ref-4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0469.1984.tb00559.x","article-title":"Phylogeny of millipedes\u2014a cladistic analysis","volume":"22","author":"Enghoff","year":"1984","journal-title":"Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.20594\/ref-5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1163\/9789004188273_017","article-title":"Diplopoda\u2014taxonomic overview","volume-title":"Treatise on zoology\u2014anatomy, taxonomy, biology. 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