{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,10]],"date-time":"2026-11-10T17:57:19Z","timestamp":1794333439744,"version":"4.9.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"PeerJ","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768780800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Fuzhou Social Sciences Planning Program Key Project","award":["2024FZB08"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024FZB08"]}]},{"name":"The Fujian Province General Social Science Project","award":["FJ2024B098"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FJ2024B098"]}]},{"name":"The Higher Education Studies in Fujian Province","award":["ZD202306"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZD202306"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aimed to examine the impact of varying physical activity (PA) intensities on heart rate variability (HRV), to explore the relationships among cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), body composition, and HRV, and to further characterize sex-specific HRV patterns in overweight and obese college students.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 184 overweight or obese college students were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. Participants were categorized into low, medium, or high intensity PA groups using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire\u2013Short Form (IPAQ-SF). Body fat percentage and muscle mass were assessed using bioelectrical impedance analysis, while CRF was estimated from maximal oxygen uptake (VO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      max) derived from a cycle ergometer test. Resting HRV indices were obtained under standardized conditions. Differences in body composition, CRF, and HRV were analyzed across groups. Multiple linear regression models were further employed to identify independent predictors of HRV.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      High-intensity PA independently predicted log(standard deviation of normal RR intervals (SDNN)) (b = 0.40, 95% CI [0.12\u20130.67],\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.005) and log(root mean square of successive differences (RMSSD)) (b = 0.48, 95% confidence interval (CI) [0.13\u20130.83],\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.007), while medium-intensity PA also showed a significant effect on log(SDNN) (b = 0.22, 95% CI [0.04\u20130.39],\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.014). Female participants exhibited higher log(high-frequency component (HFn)) (b = 0.25, 95% CI [0.11\u20130.39],\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001) and lower log(low frequency\/high frequency (LF\/HF)) (b = \u22120.39, 95% CI [\u22120.62 to \u22120.17],\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001) compared with males. VO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      max was not significantly associated with most HRV indices, remaining significant only for log(SDNN) (b = 0.46, 95% CI [0.02\u20130.90],\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.042).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Medium-to-high intensity PA independently predicted favorable HRV indices. Female students demonstrated higher HRV levels than males, suggesting sex specific. The association between PA and autonomic regulation appeared stronger than that between VO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      max and HRV.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.20612","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T08:30:22Z","timestamp":1768811422000},"page":"e20612","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The impact of physical activity levels and cardiorespiratory fitness on heart rate variability in overweight and obese college students: a cross-sectional study"],"prefix":"10.7717","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Meihua","family":"Su","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Physical Education Institute, Jimei University, Xiamen, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiajing","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physical Education Institute, Jimei University, Xiamen, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fengxun","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physical Education Institute, Jimei University, Xiamen, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zange","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychological Counseling Center, Jimei University, Xiamen, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianming","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physical Education Institute, Jimei University, Xiamen, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"4443","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]]},"reference":[{"issue":"S1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.20612\/ref-1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-021-10372-0","article-title":"Criterion validity and reliability of the international physical activity questionnaire-Hungarian short form against the RM42 accelerometer","volume":"21","author":"\u00c1cs","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.20612\/ref-2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1186\/s12263-020-00674-0","article-title":"Low-grade chronic inflammation is attenuated by exercise training in obese adults through down-regulation of ASC gene in peripheral blood: a pilot study","volume":"15","author":"Barr\u00f3n-Cabrera","year":"2020","journal-title":"Genes & Nutrition"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.7717\/peerj.20612\/ref-3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.3390\/jcdd11080248","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials to evaluate the impact of exercise on heart rate variability post-bariatric surgery","volume":"11","author":"Bitencourt","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.20612\/ref-4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1170320","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2023.1170320","article-title":"Sex differences in heart rate and heart rate variability in rats: implications for translational research","volume":"14","author":"Carnevali","year":"2023","journal-title":"Frontiers in Physiology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.7717\/peerj.20612\/ref-5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3407306","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/3407306","article-title":"The impact of obesity on the cardiovascular system","volume":"2018","author":"Csige","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Diabetes Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.20612\/ref-6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1080\/03014460.2023.2180089","article-title":"Body fat and muscle in relation to heart rate variability in young-to-middle age men: a cross sectional study","volume":"50","author":"Cvijetic","year":"2023","journal-title":"Annals of Human Biology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.7717\/peerj.20612\/ref-7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E281","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00058.2022","article-title":"Sex differences in autonomic responses to stress: implications for cardiometabolic physiology","volume":"323","author":"Dearing","year":"2022","journal-title":"American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.7717\/peerj.20612\/ref-8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1249\/mss.0b013e31815b0db5","article-title":"Reliability and validity of the IPAQ-Chinese: the Guangzhou Biobank Cohort study","volume":"40","author":"Deng","year":"2008","journal-title":"Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.7717\/peerj.20612\/ref-9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.7570\/jomes24049","article-title":"Could a short incremental test be a valid cardiorespiratory efficiency assessment tool in obese adults? 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