{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,18]],"date-time":"2026-04-18T15:15:51Z","timestamp":1776525351564,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"PeerJ","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]],"date-time":"2026-02-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770336000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005621","name":"Kasetsart University Research and Development Institute","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["FF(KU)4.64"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FF(KU)4.64"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005621","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Bioscience, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University"},{"name":"The National Science Research and Innovation Fund","award":["B13F670075"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B13F670075"]}]},{"name":"The Science and Technology Research Partnership for Sustainable Development (SATREPS) under Be-HoBiD project, JICA, Japan"},{"name":"Bioinformatics Academic Association of Thailand"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016175","name":"Chulabhorn Royal Academy","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016175","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Kasetsart University Reinventing University Program"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100017170","name":"Thailand Science Research and Innovation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100017170","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Duckweed is a rapidly-growing aquatic plant utilized as food\/feed and for wastewater remediation. It coexists with complex microbial communities that play crucial roles in its growth and capability for phytoremediation. In a previous study, microbiomes associated with four duckweed species (\n                    <jats:italic>Spirodela polyrhiza<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Landoltia punctata<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Lemna aequinoctialis<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>Wolffia globosa<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) grown under natural and nutrient-deficient conditions, were investigated using V3V4 16S rRNA sequencing. However, species-level classification was not achieved due to the partial 16S rRNA sequences obtained, restricting the selection of potential microbial species for further application. In this study,\n                    <jats:italic>L. punctata<\/jats:italic>\n                    samples from the previous work were investigated further by employing full-length 16S rRNA sequencing. A total of 31 predominant microbial species were identified. Under stress, the proportion of Proteobacteria increased significantly, along with potentially beneficial bacteria such as\n                    <jats:italic>Roseateles depolymerans<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Pelomonas saccharophila<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Acidovorax temperans<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Ensifer adhaerens<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Rhizobium straminoryzae<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Functional metagenomic predictions suggest that associated microbes adapt to stressors and may confer benefits to duckweed, including pathways related to host adhesion, biofilm formation, microbial growth modulation, and co-factors and vitamin biosynthesis. Furthermore, the study demonstrates both the advantages and limitations of full-length 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing. The findings provide more insight into\n                    <jats:italic>L. punctata<\/jats:italic>\n                    microbiomes at species-level, facilitating establishment of stable, beneficial microbial communities for duckweed applications. Ongoing investigations aim to isolate key microbial species from\n                    <jats:italic>L. punctata<\/jats:italic>\n                    and validate their roles through co-cultivation, along with establishing potential synthetic microbial communities based on the metagenomic findings.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.20648","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]],"date-time":"2026-02-06T08:21:33Z","timestamp":1770366093000},"page":"e20648","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Species-level profiling of\n                    <i>Landoltia punctata<\/i>\n                    (duckweed) microbiome under nutrient stress using full-length 16S rRNA sequencing"],"prefix":"10.7717","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Chakrit","family":"Bunyoo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand"},{"name":"Duckweed Holobiont Resource & Research Center (DHbRC), Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand"},{"name":"Central Scientific Instrument Management Laboratory, Bureau for Research and Innovation Management, Chulabhorn Royal Academy, Bangkok, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Juthaporn","family":"Phonmakham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Duckweed Holobiont Resource & Research Center (DHbRC), Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand"},{"name":"Omics Center for Agriculture, Bioresource, Food and Health Kasetsart University (OmiKU), Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Masaaki","family":"Morikawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Arinthip","family":"Thamchaipenet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, 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