{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T05:46:44Z","timestamp":1789192004989,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"PeerJ","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]],"date-time":"2026-02-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770163200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Beijing Philosophy and Social Science Fund Key Research Project","award":["No. 19JDYTA001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 19JDYTA001"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) has been reported to enhance explosive strength in lower limb skeletal muscles. Nevertheless, findings regarding the impact of tDCS on jump performance remain inconclusive, potentially due to variations in stimulation montage and current intensity. Therefore, we aimed to elucidate the effects of multifocal tDCS on lower limb jump kinetics and neuromuscular adaptation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Fourteen female collegiate basketball players were enrolled in a randomized, crossover, controlled trial. Each participant underwent three intervention sessions in a randomized sequence: 2 mA tDCS, 4 mA tDCS, and sham tDCS, all targeting the primary motor cortex (M1). After each stimulation session, countermovement jump (CMJ), squat jump (SJ), drop jump (DJ), and surface electromyography (EMG) data were collected. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way repeated measures ANOVA.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The 4 mA multifocal tDCS condition produced a significant increase in jump height compared to baseline, sham, and the 2 mA condition. Similarly, the concentric impulse was markedly higher in the 4 mA group relative to all other conditions. Relative peak force was significantly improved in the 4 mA group versus baseline, and relative peak power was significantly greater under 4 mA tDCS compared to sham stimulation. The modified reactive strength index (RSImod) was also enhanced considerably following 4 mA tDCS, relative to both baseline and sham conditions. However, EMG analysis indicated that none of the tDCS interventions significantly affected the root mean square (RMS) values of lower limb muscle activation, including the rectus femoris (RF), vastus lateralis (VL), vastus medialis (VM), biceps femoris (BF), semitendinosus\/semimembranosus (SEM), medial gastrocnemius (MG), lateral gastrocnemius (GL), and tibialis anterior (TA).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Multifocal anodal tDCS at an intensity of 4 mA significantly improves lower limb jump performance in female collegiate basketball athletes. Integrating multifocal anodal tDCS into routine training regimens may serve as a practical and effective adjunct for enhancing performance in this population.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.20705","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]],"date-time":"2026-02-04T08:17:01Z","timestamp":1770193021000},"page":"e20705","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Multifocal transcranial direct current stimulation enhances lower limb jump performance and neuromuscular adaptation in female collegiate basketball players"],"prefix":"10.7717","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Ruibo","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Capital University of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qingwei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Capital University of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danyang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Binbin","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"4443","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.20705\/ref-1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1007\/s40846-023-00782-3","article-title":"Normalization of EMG signals: optimal MVC positions for the lower limb muscle groups in healthy subjects","volume":"43","author":"Avdan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Medical and Biological Engineering"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.20705\/ref-2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1017\/S1461145710001690","article-title":"A systematic review on reporting and assessment of adverse effects associated with transcranial direct current stimulation","volume":"14","author":"Brunoni","year":"2011","journal-title":"International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.20705\/ref-3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20116","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-24618-3","article-title":"Optimized APPS-tDCS electrode position, size, and distance doubles the on-target stimulation magnitude in 3,000 electric field models","volume":"12","author":"Caulfield","year":"2022","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.20705\/ref-4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1198-8525","article-title":"Ergogenic effects of bihemispheric transcranial direct current stimulation on fitness: a randomized cross-over trial","volume":"42","author":"Codella","year":"2021","journal-title":"International Journal of Sports Medicine"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.20705\/ref-5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2007.05633.x","article-title":"Improved isometric force endurance after transcranial direct current stimulation over the human motor cortical areas","volume":"26","author":"Cogiamanian","year":"2007","journal-title":"European Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.20705\/ref-6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203771587","volume-title":"Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences","author":"Cohen","year":"1988"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.20705\/ref-7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0170331","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0170331","article-title":"Anodal transcranial direct current stimulation shows minimal, measure-specific effects on dynamic postural control in young and older adults: a double blind, sham-controlled study","volume":"12","author":"Craig","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.20705\/ref-8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1544","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2008.05.061","article-title":"Is there a neural efficiency in athletes? 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