{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T08:50:56Z","timestamp":1775638256192,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"PeerJ","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775606400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Seed priming with natural compounds has emerged as a promising strategy to enhance plant tolerance to abiotic stresses. Among these, essential oils may mitigate the adverse effects of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) and salinity on seed germination and early growth. This study aimed to investigate the priming effects of\n                      <jats:italic>Lavandula angustifolia<\/jats:italic>\n                      Mill. essential oil on germination and seedling development of 3 Mediterranean aromatic species:\n                      <jats:italic>Achillea millefolium<\/jats:italic>\n                      L.,\n                      <jats:italic>Ocimum basilicum<\/jats:italic>\n                      L., and\n                      <jats:italic>Thymus vulgaris<\/jats:italic>\n                      L.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Priming treatments were performed using different essential oil concentration (0.1%, 0.2%, 0.4%, 0.8%) with H\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      O and polysorbate P80 controls. Seed were grown on two heavy metal-polluted soils collected from abandoned mining sites (Montevecchio, HM1; Su Suergiu, HM2; Sardinia, Italy), a saline soil from Arborea in Sardinia (Sal) and an unpolluted sandy control soil. HM1 and HM2 soils were contaminated with arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), antimony (Sb) and zinc (Zn).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Soil type, plant species, and priming conditions significantly affected germination rate, seedling vigor index, and fresh weight. Notably, 0.2% essential oil priming did not markedly enhance germination compared to controls, except for\n                      <jats:italic>A. millefolium<\/jats:italic>\n                      grown on the contaminated HM1 soil and\n                      <jats:italic>T. vulgaris<\/jats:italic>\n                      on control soil. Both\n                      <jats:italic>A.\u00a0millefolium<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>T. vulgaris<\/jats:italic>\n                      showed significant higher soil tolerance indices in contaminated soils under 0.2% priming, while\n                      <jats:italic>T. vulgaris<\/jats:italic>\n                      also exhibited further improvement under 0.2\u20130.8% priming in control soil. Moreover, in Sal soil, germination and seedling development were generally inhibited across all species; however,\n                      <jats:italic>L. angustifolia<\/jats:italic>\n                      essential oil at 0.2% occasionally alleviated these negative effects.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Low-dose\n                      <jats:italic>Lavandula angustifolia<\/jats:italic>\n                      essential oil priming can improve germination and stress tolerance in certain aromatic species, representing a sustainable approach for the valorization of marginal and degraded lands.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.20717","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T08:00:22Z","timestamp":1775635222000},"page":"e20717","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Seed priming with lavender essential oil increases germination and seedling growth in saline and potentially toxic elements-contaminated soils"],"prefix":"10.7717","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Giovanni Kamal","family":"Piga","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Sardinia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Cossu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Sardinia, Italy"},{"name":"Innovative Agriculture Interdepartmental Center, Alghero, Sardinia, 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