{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T22:56:40Z","timestamp":1792450600829,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":99,"publisher":"PeerJ","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774310400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"NIHR Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre (BRC), a partnership between Newcastle Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle University, and Cumbria, Northumberland"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000272","name":"National Institute for Health and Care Research","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Chronic otitis media with effusion (COME) is a prevalent pediatric condition characterized by persistent middle ear effusion, potentially leading to hearing loss and developmental delays.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We investigated the diversity, antibiotic resistance, and virulence potential of\n                      <jats:italic>Staphylococcus<\/jats:italic>\n                      species in COME through whole genome sequencing of 16 clinically-derived strains isolated from pediatric patients in the United Kingdom.\n                      <jats:italic>De novo<\/jats:italic>\n                      genome assembly and annotation were performed on Illumina reads. Phylogenetic analyses using 16s rRNA gene, multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and core genome single nucleotide proteins (SNPs) elucidated evolutionary relationships. Species identification was confirmed through\n                      <jats:italic>in silico<\/jats:italic>\n                      DNA-DNA hybridization (ANIb and GGDC). Resistance genes were detected using AMRFinderPlus and Comprehensive Antibiotic Resistance Database (CARD), and virulence factors were identified using VFanalyzer. Pangenome analysis identified unique species-specific genes.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Phylogenetic analysis revealed three coagulase positive\n                      <jats:italic>Staphylococcus<\/jats:italic>\n                      (CoPS) and 13 coagulase negative\n                      <jats:italic>Staphylococcus<\/jats:italic>\n                      (CoNS), with identification of a potential new\n                      <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      subspecies (strain NU84) Twenty-four genes conferred resistance to nine antibiotic classes, particularly beta-lactams commonly used for COME treatment. Notably, all 16 strains harbored\n                      <jats:italic>blaTEM-116<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>aph(3\u2019)-IIa<\/jats:italic>\n                      genes, typically associated with gram-negative bacteria and previously unreported in human\n                      <jats:italic>Staphylococcus<\/jats:italic>\n                      isolates, suggesting horizontal gene transfer from Enterobacteriaceae. CoPS strains exhibited higher acute virulence potential contributing to COME onset, whereas CoNS, particularly\n                      <jats:italic>S. epidermidis,<\/jats:italic>\n                      harbored genes promoting persistence through immune evasion and biofilm formation, consistent with the chronic nature of COME.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Our genomic analysis shows that COME-associated\n                      <jats:italic>Staphylococcus<\/jats:italic>\n                      species have significant pathogenic potential due to acquired resistance and virulence genes. The discovery of gram-negative resistance genes in all\n                      <jats:italic>Staphylococcus<\/jats:italic>\n                      strains indicates horizontal gene transfer may enhance pathogenicity. These findings highlight the urgent need for surveillance and targeted therapies against emerging multidrug-resistant strains in COME treatment.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.20782","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T08:05:21Z","timestamp":1774339521000},"page":"e20782","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Genomic insights into the diversity, antibiotic resistance, and virulence potential of staphylococci isolated from pediatric patients with chronic otitis media with effusion (COME)"],"prefix":"10.7717","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Jonald","family":"Low","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haohong","family":"Tu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Wenzhou-Kean University, Zhejiang, 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