{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T16:12:41Z","timestamp":1787501561047,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"PeerJ","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772755200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Research Foundation of Korea, Korean government","award":["2022R1C1C1007334"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022R1C1C1007334"]}]},{"name":"National Research Foundation of Korea, Korean government","award":["RS-2023-00219399"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2023-00219399"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Skeletal muscles play critical roles in mobility, respiratory function, and metabolic regulation by releasing myokines. Age-related sarcopenia, characterized by the loss of muscle mass and function, exacerbates health outcomes, including disability and mortality. Stroke survivors are particularly vulnerable to muscle wasting, known as stroke-related sarcopenia, which affects their recovery and quality of life. This study aimed to investigate the effects of rehabilitation on apelin expression, clinical outcomes, and psychosocial well-being in stroke survivors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This single-center observational study enrolled 23 patients with stroke who underwent rehabilitation. Outcome measures included apelin concentration using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, cytokine profiling, skeletal muscle index (SMI), phase angle, grip strength, balance, functional scores (Modified Barthel Index, Berg Balance Scale), and psychosocial measures (SF-12, Fatigue Severity Scale). Data were collected at baseline and discharge after 4\u20136 weeks of rehabilitation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Apelin levels increased significantly after rehabilitation (46.81\u201359.23 ng\/mL,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001) and correlated with improved SMI (6.67\u20137.11 kg\/m\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.0035) and functional outcomes (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001). Significant changes in the cytokine profiles highlighted exercise-induced anti-inflammatory responses. Psychosocial assessments revealed reduced fatigue and improved quality of life (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Stroke patient rehabilitation enhanced apelin expression, skeletal muscle mass, and functional recovery. Therefore, apelin may serve as a biomarker to monitor muscle health and rehabilitation outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.20820","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T08:26:37Z","timestamp":1772785597000},"page":"e20820","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Role of apelin as a biomarker in functional recovery and post-stroke-associated sarcopenia: insights from rehabilitation therapy"],"prefix":"10.7717","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Da-Jung","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Haeundae Paik Hospital, Inje University, Busan,  Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dong Kyu","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Science and Biotechnology, BK21 FOUR KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 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