{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T08:56:38Z","timestamp":1775552198057,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":95,"publisher":"PeerJ","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775520000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Hawai\u02bbi Hsiao Endowment"},{"name":"School of Life Sciences","award":["232"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["232"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Coral recruitment is crucial for reef recovery, yet our knowledge of recruit and juvenile coral demographics remains limited. To experimentally test whether shelter for herbivores and a healthy reefscape enhance colonization by corals, we deployed cubic-meter concrete modules in both low- and high-shelter configurations at the degraded reef off Waik\u0131\u00afk\u0131\u00af Beach and the relatively healthy and fully protected reef at Hanauma Bay, O\u02bbahu, Hawai\u02bbi. Settling corals of three dominant genera (\n                    <jats:italic>Pocillopora<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Montipora<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>Porites<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) were surveyed quarterly to track individual recruitment, survival, and growth for nearly four years. There was greater colonization of modules by sea urchins, higher visitation by herbivorous fishes, and lower algal overgrowth of recruit and juvenile corals at Hanauma Bay compared to Waik\u0131\u00afk\u0131\u00af. Nonetheless, demographic responses by corals were often genus, site, and treatment specific, and failed to strongly corroborate three\n                    <jats:italic>a priori<\/jats:italic>\n                    hypotheses. The hypothesis that herbivores enhance recruit and juvenile coral demographic metrics was partially evident for survival and growth of\n                    <jats:italic>Montipora<\/jats:italic>\n                    , as well as survival of\n                    <jats:italic>Porites<\/jats:italic>\n                    which were positively correlated with herbivorous fish biomass. Additionally,\n                    <jats:italic>Pocillopora<\/jats:italic>\n                    recruitment and survival were negatively correlated with algal overgrowth. The related hypothesis that increased shelter for herbivores indirectly benefits corals was also mostly rejected, except for recruitment of\n                    <jats:italic>Pocillopora<\/jats:italic>\n                    at Hanauma Bay and for survival of\n                    <jats:italic>Pocillopora<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Porites<\/jats:italic>\n                    . A third hypothesis that a healthy reefscape benefits corals was corroborated for\n                    <jats:italic>Pocillopora<\/jats:italic>\n                    survival and\n                    <jats:italic>Montipora<\/jats:italic>\n                    recruitment and growth, yet not for\n                    <jats:italic>Porites<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Despite the relatively low number of correlations associated with our three\n                    <jats:italic>a priori<\/jats:italic>\n                    hypotheses, results from this study still suggest that recruit and juvenile corals are most likely to thrive in reef environments with sufficient herbivory and lower nutrients that fertilize algal growth. We conclude that further place-based management of herbivores is needed to replenish herbivore populations, increase the effectiveness of coral restoration efforts, and enhance natural coral recovery on Hawaiian reefs.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.20891","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T08:07:51Z","timestamp":1775549271000},"page":"e20891","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Coral restoration: roles of shelter for herbivores and reef state in early recruitment success"],"prefix":"10.7717","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Eric R.","family":"Dilley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences, University of Hawai\u02bbi at M\u0101noa, Honolulu, Hawai\u02bbi, United States of America"},{"name":"State of Hawai\u02bbi Division of Aquatic Resources, Honolulu, Hawai\u02bbi, United States of America"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Erik G.","family":"Brush","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences, University of Hawai\u02bbi at M\u0101noa, Honolulu, Hawai\u02bbi, United States of America"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ryan N.","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences, University of Hawai\u02bbi at M\u0101noa, Honolulu, Hawai\u02bbi, United States of America"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mark A.","family":"Hixon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences, University of Hawai\u02bbi at M\u0101noa, Honolulu, Hawai\u02bbi, United States of America"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"4443","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.20891\/ref-1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3019","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2009.0339","article-title":"Flattening of Caribbean coral reefs: 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