{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T23:15:53Z","timestamp":1785798953990,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":109,"publisher":"PeerJ","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772582400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Science and Technology Development Plan of Shandong Medical and Health Science","award":["202302070979"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202302070979"]}]},{"name":"Scientific Research Plan of Weifang Health Commission","award":["WFWSJK-2024-029"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["WFWSJK-2024-029"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007129","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["ZR2020QH001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZR2020QH001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007129","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Tuberculosis (TB) is a chronic infectious disease caused by\n                    <jats:italic>Mycobacterium tuberculosis<\/jats:italic>\n                    that poses major global health challenges. The Bacillus Calmette\u2013Gu\u00e9rin (BCG) vaccine provides only limited protection against TB in adults and the current therapeutic regimens for TB are constrained by prolonged treatment cycles and the emergence of drug-resistant strains. Consequently, the role of V\u03b39V\u03b42 T cells in anti-TB immunity has increasingly garnered attention. These nonconventional T lymphocytes rapidly recognize\n                    <jats:italic>Mtb<\/jats:italic>\n                    -infected cells and exert effector functions through a unique T-cell receptor that directly recognizes phosphorylated antigens independent of the major histocompatibility complex. V\u03b39V\u03b42 T cells mediate direct cytotoxicity against infected cells and coordinate with other immune components to strengthen the host defense against TB. These distinctive attributes highlight the potential of V\u03b39V\u03b42 T cells as targets in novel TB vaccine strategies. The current understanding of V\u03b39V\u03b42 T cell-mediated immunity to\n                    <jats:italic>Mtb<\/jats:italic>\n                    , recent advances in TB vaccine research, and prospective directions for future investigation are synthesized in this review.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.20904","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T08:46:27Z","timestamp":1772613987000},"page":"e20904","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Potential of V\u03b39V\u03b42T cells in tuberculosis: integration of innate and adaptive immunity for vaccine development"],"prefix":"10.7717","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Dalin","family":"Di","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong Second Medical University; Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Inflammatory Disease Research in Universities of Shandong Province, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, Shandong Province, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chun\u2019e","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Critical Care Medicine, Weifang No. 2 People\u2019s Hospital, Weifang, Shandong Province, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yonggen","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ultrasound Medicine Department, Weifang No. 2 People\u2019s Hospital, Weifang, Shandong Province, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuxia","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong Second Medical University; Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Inflammatory Disease Research in Universities of Shandong Province, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, Shandong Province, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanyan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Weifang No. 2 People\u2019s Hospital, Weifang, Shandong Province, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"4443","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.20904\/ref-1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2015.04.008","article-title":"Human gamma delta T cells: evolution and ligand recognition","volume":"296","author":"Adams","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cellular Immunology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.7717\/peerj.20904\/ref-2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5202","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24065202","article-title":"Tuberculosis: pathogenesis, current treatment regimens and new drug targets","volume":"24","author":"Alsayed","year":"2023","journal-title":"International Journal 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