{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T11:49:40Z","timestamp":1774439380745,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"PeerJ","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774396800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the effectiveness of a novel laboratory testing protocol for dummy head biomechanics of the shoulder-head and subsequent head-ground impacts during rugby tackles. Currently, no research in tackles utilizes a real player as the tackler and considers the second impact when the opponent\u2019s head hits the ground.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A dummy was instrumented with an inertial measurement unit (IMU; 1,200 Hz) behind the right ear. Eleven rugby players with a shoulder placed IMU executed right shoulder high tackles to the left side of the dummy\u2019s head at two closing velocities (high-speed 15\u201317 km\/hr and very-high-speed 21\u201323 km\/hr) for three dummy head conditions (no headgear, club-level headgear, professional-level headgear). Peak resultant linear and rotational accelerations were calculated for the first impact event (shoulder-head) for the player\u2019s shoulder IMU and for the two impact events (shoulder-head, head-ground) for the dummy head IMU.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Whilst the player experienced low linear accelerations (fast-speed = 10 g, very-fast-speed = 13 g) through their shoulder during the tackle impact (shoulder-head collision), the linear accelerations were six times higher (63 g;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.003) for the dummy head for the high-speed approach and seven times higher (88 g;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.003) for the very-high-speed approach. The second head-ground impact was generally lower for the linear accelerations (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.004) but unchanged for the rotational accelerations (fast-speed = 4,589\u20134,955 rad\/s\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      , very-fast-speed = 6,948\u20137,123 rad\/s\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      ) for the dummy head. Resultant rotational acceleration significantly increased for the dummy head-ground impact when club-level headgear was worn for the very-high-speed approach (8,434 rad\/s\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.045). No other significant differences were observed between the no headgear and headgear tests.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study demonstrates the effectiveness of a protocol measuring linear and rotational accelerations of a dummy\u2019s head during high-speed rugby tackles where a real player\u2019s shoulder hit the dummy\u2019s head and the dummy\u2019s head hit the floor. Trialing the protocol showed high impact accelerations experienced when receiving a tackle did not reduce with headgear. The experimental methodology and tools developed provide the basis for more complete testing of head biomechanics in tackles.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.20953","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T08:31:40Z","timestamp":1774427500000},"page":"e20953","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A laboratory protocol for shoulder-head and head-ground dummy head accelerations during player high-speed rugby tackles"],"prefix":"10.7717","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Elizabeth J.","family":"Bradshaw","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Sport Research, Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Melbourne,  Victoria, Australia"},{"name":"Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology,  Auckland, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alex","family":"Conte-Biggar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiotherapy, Division of Allied Health, Austin Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eric J.","family":"Drinkwater","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Sport Research, Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Melbourne,  Victoria, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bradley A.","family":"Morris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lyndell M.","family":"Bruce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Sport Research, Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Melbourne,  Victoria, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patria A.","family":"Hume","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology,  Auckland, New Zealand"},{"name":"Auckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand"},{"name":"Tech & Policy Lab, Law School, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia"},{"name":"Traumatic Brain Injury Network, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Doug A.","family":"King","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology,  Auckland, New Zealand"},{"name":"Auckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand"},{"name":"Traumatic Brain Injury Network, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand"},{"name":"Wolfson Research Institute for Health and Wellbeing, Durham University, Durham, England,  United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"4443","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.20953\/ref-1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-81553-9_8","article-title":"Acceleration induced head injury in the monkey. 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