{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T02:14:10Z","timestamp":1790388850119,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"PeerJ","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775692800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Deanship of Graduate Studies and Scientific Research, Jazan University, Saudi Arabia","award":["RG24-M012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RG24-M012"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cervical spine pain, particularly among car and motorbike drivers, is a common musculoskeletal issue due to prolonged static postures and repetitive neck movements. This study investigates the prevalence and correlation between cervical spine pain and mobility in car and motorbike drivers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In this cross-sectional study, conducted at Integral Hospital and Research Centre, India, 100 participants (50 car drivers and 50 motorbike drivers) were randomly selected with individuals reporting cervical pain. Participants completed demographic information, driving duration, and cervical pain severity and underwent cervical mobility assessments using smartphone-based tools. Statistical analysis was conducted using independent t-tests and Pearson\u2019s correlation with 95% confidence intervals and Cohen\u2019s d effect sizes, at a significance level of\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0\u2264\u00a00.05.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Car drivers (mean age 39.2, driving experience 15.6 years, 70% male) and motorbike drivers (mean age 34.8, experience 12.4 years, 80% male) were studied. Motorbike drivers reported higher cervical pain on visual analogue scale (VAS) 5 compared to car drivers VAS 4. Inverse correlations between cervical pain and mobility were noted, with motorbike drivers showing significantly lower cervical mobility across all movements. Negative correlations varied in strength across different movements for both groups, generally more substantial for car drivers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study highlights the association between cervical pain and reduced mobility among drivers, particularly motorbike drivers. Although causality cannot be determined, the findings support ergonomic interventions and driver education to promote better postures and musculoskeletal health.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.21049","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T08:35:06Z","timestamp":1775723706000},"page":"e21049","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Comparative analysis of cervical spine pain and mobility in car\n                    <i>versus<\/i>\n                    motorbike drivers: a cross-sectional study"],"prefix":"10.7717","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Aafreen","family":"Aafreen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Integral University Lucknow,  Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdur Raheem","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Integral University Lucknow,  Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashfaque","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Integral University Lucknow,  Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ausaf","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Medicine, Kalyan Singh Government Medical College, Bulandshahr, Uttar Pradesh, India, Bulandshahr, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdullah","family":"Alzahrani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Shaqra University,  Shaqra, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdullah Ibrahim","family":"Alhusayni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Shaqra University,  Shaqra, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bsmah H.","family":"Alfaifi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, College of Nursing and Health Science, Jazan University, Jazan,  Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Salma O.","family":"Naseeb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, College of Nursing and Health Science, Jazan University, Jazan,  Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Ghazwani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, College of Nursing and Health Science, Jazan University, Jazan,  Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ramzi A.","family":"Alajam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, College of Nursing and Health Science, Jazan University, Jazan,  Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammed","family":"Alshehri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, College of Nursing and Health Science, Jazan University, Jazan,  Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Abu","family":"Shaphe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, College of Nursing and Health Science, Jazan University, Jazan,  Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"4443","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21049\/ref-1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3575","DOI":"10.2147\/JMDH.S437826","article-title":"Neck health metrics and quality of life: a comparative study in bike drivers with and without neck pain","volume":"16","author":"Aafreen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21049\/ref-2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101719","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jth.2023.101719","article-title":"Decoding the impact of driving postures: comparing neck pain, mobility, proprioception in car and bike drivers with and without forward head posture","volume":"33","author":"Aafreen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Transport & Health"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.7717\/peerj.21049\/ref-3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"YE05","DOI":"10.7860\/JCDR\/2023\/64993.18222","article-title":"Prevalence of neck pain in car and motorcycle drivers: a comprehensive review of primary, secondary, and tertiary care","volume":"17","author":"Aafreen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.7717\/peerj.21049\/ref-4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.3390\/safety11030062","article-title":"Prevalence and nature of ergonomic hazards among construction workers in India: a cross-sectional study","volume":"11","author":"Akhtar","year":"2025","journal-title":"Safety"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.7717\/peerj.21049\/ref-5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"A1","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2008.0303","article-title":"Neck pain","volume":"38","author":"Childs","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.7717\/peerj.21049\/ref-6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2517","DOI":"10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_95_20","article-title":"Plausible impact of forward head posture on upper cervical spine stability","volume":"9","author":"Chu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21049\/ref-7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1412","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2016.01412","article-title":"Gender effects in young road users on road safety attitudes, behaviors and risk perception","volume":"7","author":"Cordellieri","year":"2016","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21049\/ref-8","volume-title":"Biostatistics: a foundation for analysis in the health sciences","author":"Daniel","year":"1999","edition":"7"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.7717\/peerj.21049\/ref-9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1177\/0361198119842818","article-title":"Modeling maneuverability of motorized two-wheelers during filtering in urban roads","volume":"2673","author":"Das","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transportation Research Record"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.7717\/peerj.21049\/ref-10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-004-0864-4","article-title":"The prevalence of neck pain in the world population: a systematic critical review of the literature","volume":"15","author":"Fejer","year":"2006","journal-title":"European Spine Journal"},{"issue":"4 Suppl","key":"10.7717\/peerj.21049\/ref-11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S14","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3181643efb","article-title":"A new conceptual model of neck pain: linking onset, course, and care: the bone and joint decade 2000\u20132010 task force on neck pain and its associated disorders","volume":"33","author":"Guzman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Spine"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.21049\/ref-12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4026","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-17855-5","article-title":"Neural mechanisms underlying the effects of physical fatigue on effort-based choice","volume":"11","author":"Hogan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature Communications"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.7717\/peerj.21049\/ref-13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1309","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2013-204431","article-title":"The global burden of neck pain: estimates from the Global Burden of Disease 2010 study","volume":"73","author":"Hoy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.7717\/peerj.21049\/ref-14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1080\/15389580802435636","article-title":"WHIPS (Volvo Cars\u2019 Whiplash Protection System)\u2014the development and real-world performance","volume":"9","author":"Jakobsson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Traffic Injury Prevention"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21049\/ref-15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2014.09.008","article-title":"Gender-related differences in distances travelled, driving behaviour and traffic accidents among university students","volume":"27","author":"Jim\u00e9nez-Mej\u00edas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.21049\/ref-16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-021-04957-4","article-title":"Neck pain: global epidemiology, trends and risk factors","volume":"23","author":"Kazeminasab","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.7717\/peerj.21049\/ref-17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.12968\/ijtr.2022.0004","article-title":"Test\u2013retest reliability and validity of cervical range of motion measurement using a smartphone clinometer and compass application","volume":"30","author":"Khan","year":"2023","journal-title":"International Journal of Therapy and Rehabilitation"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21049\/ref-18","article-title":"Spine sagittal balance","volume-title":"StatPearls [Internet]","author":"Kim","year":"2023"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.21049\/ref-19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0262429","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0262429","article-title":"The effect of mind-body exercise on cervical spine mobility of people with neck discomfort: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"17","author":"Liao","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.21049\/ref-20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-023-06343-8","article-title":"The association between psychosocial factors and mental health symptoms in cervical spine pain: a systematic review","volume":"24","author":"Mansfield","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.21049\/ref-21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-021-04807-3","article-title":"Associations of neck muscle strength and cervical spine mobility with future neck pain and disability: a prospective 16-year study","volume":"22","author":"Multanen","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.21049\/ref-22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17874","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-97374-5","article-title":"Effects of gender, age, experience, and practice on driver reaction and acceptance of traffic jam chauffeur systems","volume":"11","author":"Muslim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.7717\/peerj.21049\/ref-23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2009.2872","article-title":"Muscle dysfunction in cervical spine pain: implications for assessment and management","volume":"39","author":"O\u2019Leary","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21049\/ref-24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6886373","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/6886373","article-title":"Impact of cervical spine rehabilitation on temporomandibular joint functioning in patients with idiopathic neck pain","volume":"2021","author":"Oleksy","year":"2021","journal-title":"BioMed Research International"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.7717\/peerj.21049\/ref-25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2001.31.4.194","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of cervical spine clinical instability","volume":"31","author":"Olson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.21049\/ref-26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1007\/s40122-020-00230-z","article-title":"Cervical proprioception impairment in neck pain: pathophysiology, clinical evaluation, and management","volume":"10","author":"Peng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pain and Therapy"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.21049\/ref-27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1093\/occmed\/52.1.4","article-title":"The prevalence of musculoskeletal troubles among car drivers","volume":"52","author":"Porter","year":"2002","journal-title":"Occupational Medicine"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.7717\/peerj.21049\/ref-28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1016\/S1047-9651(03)00030-5","article-title":"Physical function measurements in neck pain","volume":"14","author":"Schaufele","year":"2003","journal-title":"Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.7717\/peerj.21049\/ref-29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1038\/s41393-024-01041-1","article-title":"Is neck pain a marker for something serious? Like myelopathy","volume":"62","author":"Sial","year":"2024","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.7717\/peerj.21049\/ref-30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1313","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.25295","article-title":"Neurophysiological mechanisms underlying motor feature binding processes and representations","volume":"42","author":"Takacs","year":"2021","journal-title":"Human Brain Mapping"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.7717\/peerj.21049\/ref-31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1142\/S1013702523500142","article-title":"The relationship between cervical spine range of motion and postural sway in mechanical neck pain: a cross-sectional study","volume":"43","author":"Vishal","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hong Kong Physiotherapy Journal"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.7717\/peerj.21049\/ref-32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.07.045120","article-title":"The STROBE statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies","volume":"85","author":"Von\u00a0Elm","year":"2007","journal-title":"Bulletin of the World Health Organization"},{"issue":"20","key":"10.7717\/peerj.21049\/ref-33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2191","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.281053","article-title":"World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki: ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects","volume":"310","author":"World Medical\u00a0Association","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of the American Medical Association"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.21049\/ref-34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-022-05782-z","article-title":"Sex differences in factors associated with neck pain among undergraduate healthcare students: a cross-sectional survey","volume":"23","author":"Zheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders"}],"container-title":["PeerJ"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/21049.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/21049.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/21049.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/21049.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T08:35:07Z","timestamp":1775723707000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/21049"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]]},"references-count":34,"alternative-id":["10.7717\/peerj.21049"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7717\/peerj.21049","archive":["CLOCKSS","LOCKSS","Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2167-8359"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2167-8359","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]]},"article-number":"e21049"}}