{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T09:12:11Z","timestamp":1777972331935,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"PeerJ","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777939200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["NIA R21AG075489"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIA R21AG075489"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Gait variability increases and dynamic gait stability decreases with age, which may lead to an increased risk of falls. Additionally, the need to process visual cues can exacerbate changes in gait variability and dynamic gait stability in older adults. The purpose of this study was to compare gait variability and dynamic gait stability in young and older adults walking overground and on a treadmill with and without visual cues. We hypothesized that gait variability would increase and dynamic gait stability would decrease during the visually cued gait. We also hypothesized that older adults would have higher variability and lower stability than younger adults across all walking conditions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Participants walked for 3 minutes overground and on a treadmill, with and without visual cues, at their self-selected overground walking speed. The visual cues were projected onto the treadmill and matched the participant\u2019s self-selected speed, step length, and width. We quantified gait variability as the coefficient of variation for stride time and stride length, and dynamic gait stability with the short-term Lyapunov exponent.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Both groups had the highest stride time variability during the visual cue condition. Older adults demonstrated higher gait variability and lower dynamic gait stability than younger adults during the treadmill conditions with and without visual cues, but not during overground gait.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our study indicates that age increases gait variability and decreases dynamic gait stability, and this effect is exacerbated when walking becomes more challenging due to the presence of visual cues. The observed changes in gait variability and dynamic gait stability may be due to older adults requiring more cognitive capacity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.21157","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T08:20:22Z","timestamp":1777969222000},"page":"e21157","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Gait variability and local dynamic stability are exacerbated by age and visual cues"],"prefix":"10.7717","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Jonaz","family":"Moreno Jaramillo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology, University of Massachusetts at Amherst, Amherst, MA, United States of America"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"McDonnell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology, University of Massachusetts at Amherst, Amherst, MA, United States of America"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adam","family":"Grimmitt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology, University of Massachusetts at Amherst, Amherst, MA, United States of America"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wouter","family":"Hoogkamer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology, University of Massachusetts at Amherst, Amherst, MA, United States of America"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Douglas N.","family":"Martini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology, University of Massachusetts at Amherst, Amherst, MA, United States of America"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"4443","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21157\/ref-1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1520","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.25674","article-title":"Cognitive contributions to gait and falls: evidence and implications","volume":"28","author":"Amboni","year":"2013","journal-title":"Movement Disorders"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21157\/ref-2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4408","DOI":"10.3390\/s22124408","article-title":"Nonlinear dynamic measures of walking in healthy older adults: a systematic scoping review","volume":"22","author":"Amirpourabasi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21157\/ref-3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2960","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-025-24388-3","article-title":"Detecting inactivity in aging populations: the discriminative potential of the physical activity scale for the elderly","volume":"25","author":"Ayvat","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21157\/ref-4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0197091","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0197091","article-title":"Local dynamic stability during gait for predicting falls in elderly people: a one-year prospective study","volume":"13","author":"Bizovska","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21157\/ref-5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.5277\/ABB-00987-2017-02","article-title":"The differences between overground and treadmill walking in nonlinear, entropy-based and frequency variables derived from accelerometers in young and older women\u2014preliminary report","volume":"20","author":"Bizovska","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta of Bioengineering and Biomechanics"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21157\/ref-6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2023.112102","article-title":"Age-related changes in gait biomechanics and their impact on the metabolic cost of walking: report from a National Institute on Aging workshop","volume":"173","author":"Boyer","year":"2023","journal-title":"Experimental Gerontology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21157\/ref-7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/62.9.983","article-title":"Gait variability and the risk of incident mobility disability in community-dwelling older adults","volume":"62","author":"Brach","year":"2007","journal-title":"The Journals of Gerontology: Series A"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21157\/ref-8","article-title":"SjoerdBruijn\/LocalDynamicStability: latest release, including example code+data (v1.1)","author":"Bruijn","year":"2023","journal-title":"Zenodo"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21157\/ref-9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2012.0999","article-title":"Assessing the stability of human locomotion: a review of current measures","volume":"10","author":"Bruijn","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of the Royal Society Interface"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21157\/ref-10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1016\/S0268-0033(03)00029-9","article-title":"Nonlinear dynamics indicates aging affects variability during gait","volume":"18","author":"Buzzi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clinical Biomechanics"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21157\/ref-11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afr055","article-title":"Gait, gait variability and the risk of multiple incident falls in older people: a population-based study","volume":"40","author":"Callisaya","year":"2011","journal-title":"Age and Ageing"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21157\/ref-12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00155.2022","article-title":"Don\u2019t watch your step: gaze behavior adapts with practice of a target stepping task","volume":"128","author":"Cates","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Neurophysiology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21157\/ref-13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2535","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-023-06704-8","article-title":"Seeing does not mean processing: where we look and the visual information we rely on change independently as we learn a novel walking task","volume":"241","author":"Cates","year":"2023","journal-title":"Experimental Brain Research"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21157\/ref-14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203771587","volume-title":"Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences","author":"Cohen","year":"1988"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21157\/ref-15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357-016-9941-y","article-title":"Effects of aging on the relationship between cognitive demand and step variability during dual-task walking","volume":"38","author":"Decker","year":"2016","journal-title":"Age"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21157\/ref-16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1324008","article-title":"Nonlinear time series analysis of normal and pathological human walking","volume":"10","author":"Dingwell","year":"2000","journal-title":"Chaos"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21157\/ref-17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1115\/1.1336798","article-title":"Local dynamic stability versus kinematic variability of continuous overground and treadmill walking","volume":"123","author":"Dingwell","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Biomechanical Engineering"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21157\/ref-18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-020-0643-4","article-title":"Spatio-temporal gait variables predicted incident disability","volume":"17","author":"Doi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21157\/ref-19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03193146","article-title":"G*Power 3: a flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences","volume":"39","author":"Faul","year":"2007","journal-title":"Behavior Research Methods"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21157\/ref-20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2015.07.006","article-title":"Gait variability in healthy old adults is more affected by a visual perturbation than by a cognitive or narrow step placement demand","volume":"42","author":"Francis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gait & Posture"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21157\/ref-21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617711001573","article-title":"Construct validity of the montreal cognitive assessment (MoCA)","volume":"18","author":"Freitas","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21157\/ref-22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2015.09.010","article-title":"Towards a common framework of grounded action cognition: Relating motor control, perception and cognition","volume":"146","author":"Gentsch","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21157\/ref-23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-4388(00)00072-6","article-title":"Neural aspects of cognitive motor control","volume":"10","author":"Georgopoulos","year":"2000","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Neurobiology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21157\/ref-24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/61.10.1059","article-title":"The loss of skeletal muscle strength, mass, and quality in older adults: the health, aging and body composition study","volume":"61","author":"Goodpaster","year":"2006","journal-title":"The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21157\/ref-25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-9993(97)90034-4","article-title":"Increased gait unsteadiness in community-dwelling elderly fallers","volume":"78","author":"Hausdorff","year":"1997","journal-title":"Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21157\/ref-26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.1053\/apmr.2001.24893","article-title":"Gait variability and fall risk in community-living older adults: a 1-year prospective study","volume":"82","author":"Hausdorff","year":"2001","journal-title":"Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21157\/ref-27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0294241","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0294241","article-title":"Gait variability of outdoor vs treadmill walking with bilateral robotic ankle exoskeletons under proportional myoelectric control","volume":"18","author":"Hybart","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21157\/ref-28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1498","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2016.03.019","article-title":"A comparison study of local dynamic stability measures of daily life walking in older adult community-dwelling fallers and non-fallers","volume":"49","author":"Ihlen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Biomechanics"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21157\/ref-29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2025.09.10.675365","article-title":"How do we tread? Differences in stability-related foot placement control between overground and treadmill walking in young adults","author":"Lang","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21157\/ref-30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1123\/mcj.4.3.259","article-title":"There is no motor redundancy in human movements. There is motor abundance","volume":"4","author":"Latash","year":"2000","journal-title":"Motor Control"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21157\/ref-31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-012-3000-4","article-title":"The bliss (not the problem) of motor abundance (not redundancy)","volume":"217","author":"Latash","year":"2012","journal-title":"Experimental Brain Research"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21157\/ref-32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1097\/00003677-200201000-00006","article-title":"Motor control strategies revealed in the structure of motor variability","volume":"30","author":"Latash","year":"2002","journal-title":"Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21157\/ref-33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1860","DOI":"10.1080\/00140130802567079","article-title":"Differentiating fall-prone and healthy adults using local dynamic stability","volume":"51","author":"Lockhart","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ergonomics"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21157\/ref-34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.1997.tb00946.x","article-title":"Gait changes in older adults: predictors of falls or indicators of fear?","volume":"45","author":"Maki","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of the American Geriatrics Society"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21157\/ref-35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2024.10.013","article-title":"Validity of IMU sensors for assessing features of walking in laboratory and outdoor environments among older adults","volume":"114","author":"Matikainen-Tervola","year":"2024","journal-title":"Gait & Posture"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21157\/ref-36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E6720","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1611699114","article-title":"The critical phase for visual control of human walking over complex terrain","volume":"114","author":"Matthis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21157\/ref-37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2018.03.008","article-title":"Gaze and the control of foot placement when walking in natural terrain","author":"Matthis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Current Biology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21157\/ref-38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2010.11.007","article-title":"Dynamic stability of human walking in visually and mechanically destabilizing environments","volume":"44","author":"McAndrew","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Biomechanics"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21157\/ref-39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2017.12.016","article-title":"The largest Lyapunov exponent of gait in young and elderly individuals: a systematic review","volume":"60","author":"Mehdizadeh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gait & Posture"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21157\/ref-40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2019.01.013","article-title":"A robust method to estimate the largest Lyapunov exponent of noisy signals: a revision to the Rosenstein\u2019s algorithm","volume":"85","author":"Mehdizadeh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Biomechanics"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21157\/ref-41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.2522\/ptj.20090073","article-title":"Neurophysiologic and rehabilitation insights from the split-belt and other locomotor adaptation paradigms","volume":"90","author":"Reisman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Physical Therapy"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21157\/ref-42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2020.00090","article-title":"Wearable inertial measurement units for assessing gait in real-world environments","volume":"11","author":"Renggli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Frontiers in Physiology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21157\/ref-43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8721.2008.00570.x","article-title":"Neurocognitive aging and the compensation hypothesis","volume":"17","author":"Reuter-Lorenz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Current Directions in Psychological Science"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21157\/ref-44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-016-0118-9","article-title":"Fall-related gait characteristics on the treadmill and in daily life","volume":"13","author":"Rispens","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21157\/ref-45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968314532031","article-title":"Identification of fall risk predictors in daily life measurements: gait characteristics\u2019 reliability and association with self-reported fall history","volume":"29","author":"Rispens","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21157\/ref-46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61263-X","article-title":"Video capture of the circumstances of falls in elderly people residing in long-term care: an observational study","volume":"381","author":"Robinovitch","year":"2013","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21157\/ref-47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2016.02.012","article-title":"Treadmill walking is not equivalent to overground walking for the study of walking smoothness and rhythmicity in older adults","volume":"46","author":"Row\u00a0Lazzarini","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gait & Posture"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21157\/ref-48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2021.09.197","article-title":"Walking indoors, outdoors, and on a treadmill: gait differences in healthy young and older adults","volume":"90","author":"Schmitt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gait & Posture"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21157\/ref-49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1097\/01.NPT.0000281949.48193.d9","article-title":"Optimal movement variability: a new theoretical perspective for neurologic physical therapy","volume":"30","author":"Stergiou","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Neurologic Physical Therapy"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21157\/ref-50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2017.10.024","article-title":"Moving from laboratory to real life conditions: Influence on the assessment of variability and stability of gait","volume":"59","author":"Tamburini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gait & Posture"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21157\/ref-51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2785","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-016-1573-y","article-title":"Fractal fluctuations in human walking: comparison between auditory and visually guided stepping","volume":"44","author":"Terrier","year":"2016","journal-title":"Annals of Biomedical Engineering"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21157\/ref-52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-0003-8-12","article-title":"Kinematic variability, fractal dynamics and local dynamic stability of treadmill walking","volume":"8","author":"Terrier","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21157\/ref-53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2012.05.016","article-title":"Local dynamic stability and variability of gait are associated with fall history in elderly subjects","volume":"36","author":"Toebes","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gait & Posture"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21157\/ref-54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1123\/jab.16.4.394","article-title":"On Variability and stability in human movement","volume":"16","author":"Van\u00a0Emmerik","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Biomechanics"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21157\/ref-55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1097\/00003677-200210000-00007","article-title":"On the functional aspects of variability in postural control","volume":"30","author":"Van Emmerik","year":"2002","journal-title":"Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21157\/ref-56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2013.09.020","article-title":"Toward ambulatory balance assessment: estimating variability and stability from short bouts of gait","volume":"39","author":"Van\u00a0Schooten","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gait and Posture"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21157\/ref-57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2017.04.013","article-title":"Validity and repeatability of inertial measurement units for measuring gait parameters","volume":"55","author":"Washabaugh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gait & Posture"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21157\/ref-58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1093\/geront\/gnu053","article-title":"Using video capture to investigate the causes of falls in long-term care","volume":"55","author":"Woolrych","year":"2015","journal-title":"The Gerontologist"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21157\/ref-59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-012-3310-6","article-title":"Differential effects of absent visual feedback control on gait variability during different locomotion speeds","volume":"224","author":"Wuehr","year":"2013","journal-title":"Experimental Brain Research"}],"container-title":["PeerJ"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/21157.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/21157.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/21157.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/21157.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T08:20:25Z","timestamp":1777969225000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/21157"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]]},"references-count":59,"alternative-id":["10.7717\/peerj.21157"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7717\/peerj.21157","archive":["CLOCKSS","LOCKSS","Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2167-8359"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2167-8359","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]]},"article-number":"e21157"}}