{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T09:15:51Z","timestamp":1777367751022,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"PeerJ","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777334400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The NEI Refractive Error Quality of Life Instrument 42 (NEI-RQL-42) was developed to assess how refractive error compensation affects quality of life. The purpose of this study was to reset the NEI-RQL-42 scale model to develop specific scales related to the use of ophthalmic lenses and contact lenses (CLs).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A prospective study was designed. Healthy volunteers between 18 and 70 years of age completed the NEI-RQL-42 questionnaire twice, once for spectacles use and once for CLs use. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to evaluate the original factor and refine the subscales to improve the psychometric properties of the NEI-RQL-42 and detect differences between spectacles and CLs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Seventy-five healthy subjects (58 women and 17 men with an average age of 30.53\u00a0\u00b1\u00a012.51 years) were included. The original factor structure did not show an acceptable fit for spectacles or CLs. Several items were removed from the spectacles and CLs datasets, and some modifications of the subscales based on modification indices were introduced to obtain acceptable models for both samples. Spectacle users showed significantly higher scores (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.01) on the clarity of vision, diurnal fluctuations, symptoms and satisfaction with correction subscales. On the other hand, CLs users had higher scores on the \u201cactivity limitations\u201d subscale (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.01).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>analysis of the NEI-RQL-42 score with an adequate statistical approach allows us to identify the differences between the effects of spectacles and CLs wear on patients\u2019 QoL, providing useful information regarding the impact of refractive error compensation on QoL. Our results suggest that it is unlikely that the same scale can be used for different methods of refractive error compensation, such as spectacles or CLs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.21167","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T08:26:41Z","timestamp":1777364801000},"page":"e21167","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Resetting of the NEI-RQL-42 scale model for spectacle and contact lens wearers"],"prefix":"10.7717","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Irene","family":"Sanchez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de F\u00edsica Te\u00f3rica, At\u00f3mica y \u00d3ptica, Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain"},{"name":"Optometry Research Group, IOBA Eye Institute, Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Oscar","family":"Garcia Espinilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de F\u00edsica Te\u00f3rica, At\u00f3mica y \u00d3ptica, Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Durantez-Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Enfermer\u00eda, Facultad de Enfermer\u00eda, Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain"},{"name":"Nursing Care Research (GICE), Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Itziar","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Estad\u00edstica e Investigaci\u00f3n Operativa, Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Ortiz-Toquero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de F\u00edsica Te\u00f3rica, At\u00f3mica y \u00d3ptica, Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain"},{"name":"Optometry Research Group, IOBA Eye Institute, Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Raul","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de F\u00edsica Te\u00f3rica, At\u00f3mica y \u00d3ptica, Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain"},{"name":"Optometry Research Group, IOBA Eye Institute, Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"4443","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"10.7717\/peerj.21167\/ref-1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2006.09.018","article-title":"Structural equation modelling: adjudging model fit","volume":"42","author":"Barrett","year":"2007","journal-title":"Personality and Individual Differences"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.7717\/peerj.21167\/ref-2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.107.2.238","article-title":"Comparative fit indexes in structural models","volume":"107","author":"Bentler","year":"1990","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.21167\/ref-3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/J.JCRS.2011.07.032","article-title":"Development of a questionnaire to assess the relative subjective benefits of presbyopia correction","volume":"38","author":"Buckhurst","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.21167\/ref-4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1097\/ICL.0000000000000418","article-title":"Efficacy of toric contact lenses in fitting and patient-reported outcomes in contact lens wearers","volume":"44","author":"Cox","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eye & Contact Lens: Science & Clinical Practice"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.7717\/peerj.21167\/ref-5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0000000000000270","article-title":"Rasch analysis of the student refractive error and eyeglass questionnaire","volume":"91","author":"Crescioni","year":"2014","journal-title":"Optometry and Vision Science"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.7717\/peerj.21167\/ref-6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v017.i05","article-title":"ltm: an R package for latent variable modeling and item response analysis","volume":"17","author":"Dimitris","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Statistical Software"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.7717\/peerj.21167\/ref-7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfo.2011.01.005","article-title":"Qualit\u00e9 de vie apr\u00e8s Lasik: partie I. 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