{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T01:30:57Z","timestamp":1789608657779,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"PeerJ","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776902400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Dental biofilm is a key etiological factor in oral diseases such as dental caries and periodontal disease, and has also been linked to systemic health complications. In this study, ethyl lauroyl arginate nanoparticles (ELANPs) were formulated using an oil-in-water nanoemulsion system to investigate their antibiofilm capacity and cellular cytotoxicity\n                      <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The morphology of ELANPs was examined using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), and zeta potential were evaluated to assess nanoparticle stability over time. Biofilm matrix reduction was analyzed using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), and cytotoxicity was assessed using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>ELANPs displayed a spherical morphology with an average diameter of 84.3\u00a0\u00b1\u00a02.6 nm. The zeta potential was 46.7\u00a0\u00b1\u00a04.6 mV, and the PDI was 0.18\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.01, indicating good colloidal uniformity and stable nanosuspensions. Slight changes in physicochemical properties were observed at days 14 and 30, and overall stability was maintained. ELANPs significantly reduced the biofilm matrix across all tested oral pathogens while maintaining low cytotoxicity toward normal human gingival fibroblasts.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The findings indicate that ELANPs are physicochemically stable, capable of inhibiting oral biofilm formation, and exhibit minimal cytotoxicity, supporting their potential as a safe and effective oral healthcare agent.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.21174","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T08:33:46Z","timestamp":1776933226000},"page":"e21174","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Oil-in-water nanoemulsion-based ethyl lauroyl arginate nanoparticles exhibit potent antibacterial and antibiofilm activity against oral pathogens"],"prefix":"10.7717","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Saharut","family":"Wongkaewkhiaw","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Dentistry, King Mongkut\u2019s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Ladkrabang, Bangkok, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tanita","family":"Pairojana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Dentistry, King Mongkut\u2019s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Ladkrabang, Bangkok, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sirirat","family":"Chansiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Dentistry, King Mongkut\u2019s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Ladkrabang, Bangkok, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephany","family":"Tsao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Dentistry, King Mongkut\u2019s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Ladkrabang, Bangkok, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soontra","family":"Panmekiate","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Dentistry, King Mongkut\u2019s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Ladkrabang, Bangkok, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vichittra","family":"Vipismakul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Dentistry, King Mongkut\u2019s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Ladkrabang, Bangkok, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wilairat","family":"Worapamorn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Dentistry, King Mongkut\u2019s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Ladkrabang, Bangkok, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kanokraj","family":"Srisukho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Dentistry, King Mongkut\u2019s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Ladkrabang, Bangkok, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lalita","family":"Tangratchatakul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Dentistry, King Mongkut\u2019s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Ladkrabang, Bangkok, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siriporn","family":"Timpawat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Dentistry, King Mongkut\u2019s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Ladkrabang, Bangkok, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Panitan","family":"Jumjitvi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Dentistry, King Mongkut\u2019s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Ladkrabang, Bangkok, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pisut","family":"Rimrang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Dentistry, King Mongkut\u2019s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Ladkrabang, Bangkok, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naiyaphat","family":"Nittayasut","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Premier Innova Co., Ltd., Prawet, Bangkok, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Teerapong","family":"Yata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Premier Innova Co., Ltd., Prawet, Bangkok, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Floris J.","family":"Bikker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Biochemistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, North Holland, Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"4443","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21174\/ref-1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2018.04.045","article-title":"Preparation of oil-in-water nanoemulsions at large-scale using premix membrane emulsification and Shirasu Porous Glass (SPG) membranes","volume":"557","author":"Alliod","year":"2018","journal-title":"Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21174\/ref-2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2016.09.080","article-title":"Poly (lactic acid) nanoparticles loaded with ursolic acid: characterization and in vitro evaluation of radical scavenging activity and cytotoxicity","volume":"71","author":"Antonio","year":"2017","journal-title":"Materials Science and Engineering: C"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21174\/ref-3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0194946","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0194946","article-title":"Impact of nutritional stress on drug susceptibility and biofilm structures of Burkholderia pseudomallei and Burkholderia thailandensis grown in static and microfluidic systems","volume":"13","author":"Anutrakunchai","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.7717\/peerj.21174\/ref-4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1306","DOI":"10.14456\/sjst-psu.2022.170","article-title":"Combination effects of DNase I and tobramycin on survival and biofilm architectures of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from chronic rhinosinusitis patients","volume":"44","author":"Anutrakunchai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Songklanakarin Journal of Science & Technology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21174\/ref-5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2013.01.003","article-title":"Antimicrobial activity of Lauroyl Arginate Ethyl (LAE), against selected food-borne bacteria","volume":"32","author":"Becerril","year":"2013","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21174\/ref-6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-023-03956-3","article-title":"Development of a novel, entirely herbal-based mouthwash effective against common oral bacteria and SARS-CoV-2","volume":"23","author":"Bencze","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21174\/ref-7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7948","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-92435-5","article-title":"Antibiofilm activity of Plumbagin against Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"15","author":"Bie","year":"2025","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21174\/ref-8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"043001","DOI":"10.1088\/2043-6262\/5\/4\/043001","article-title":"Nanotechnology based approaches in cancer therapeutics","volume":"5","author":"Biswas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Advances in Natural Sciences: Nanoscience and Nanotechnology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21174\/ref-9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2017.09.008","article-title":"Oral biofilms: pathogens, matrix, and polymicrobial interactions in microenvironments","volume":"26","author":"Bowen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends in Microbiology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21174\/ref-10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1333274","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1333274","article-title":"Anti-bacterial and anti-biofilm activities of arachidonic acid against the cariogenic bacterium Streptococcus mutans","volume":"15","author":"Chamlagain","year":"2024","journal-title":"Frontiers in Microbiology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.7717\/peerj.21174\/ref-11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-025-06261-0","article-title":"In vitro analysis of various mouthwashes: cytotoxic, apoptotic, genotoxic and antibacterial effects","volume":"29","author":"\u00c7o\u011fulu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clinical Oral Investigations"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21174\/ref-12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics10020057","article-title":"Impact of particle size and polydispersity index on the clinical applications of lipidic nanocarrier systems","volume":"10","author":"Danaei","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21174\/ref-13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2009.05.038","article-title":"Influence of Streptococcus mutans on Enterococcus faecalis biofilm formation","volume":"35","author":"Deng","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Endodontics"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21174\/ref-14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1469271","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2024.1469271","article-title":"Synthesis of chitosan nanoparticles (CSNP): effect of CH-CH-TPP ratio on size and stability of NPs","volume":"12","author":"Des Bouillons-Gamboa","year":"2024","journal-title":"Frontiers in Chemistry"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21174\/ref-15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.3390\/dj12070221","article-title":"Insights into the cytotoxicity and irritant potential of chlorhexidine digluconate: an in vitro and in ovo safety screening","volume":"12","author":"Dinu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Dentistry Journal"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21174\/ref-16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3482","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules29153482","article-title":"A comprehensive review of nanoparticles: from classification to application and toxicity","volume":"29","author":"Eker","year":"2024","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21174\/ref-17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103495","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cis.2025.103495","article-title":"Exploring the impact of particle stability, size, and morphology on nanofluid thermal conductivity: a comprehensive review for energy applications","volume":"341","author":"Farooq","year":"2025","journal-title":"Advances in Colloid and Interface Science"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21174\/ref-18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2018.05.012","article-title":"Combinatorial effect of magnolia bark extract and ethyl lauroyl arginate against multi-species oral biofilms: food additives with the potential to prevent biofilm-related oral diseases","volume":"47","author":"Fern\u00e1ndez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Functional Foods"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21174\/ref-19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2400480","DOI":"10.1002\/marc.202400480","article-title":"Enhanced drug delivery with oil-in-water nanoemulsions: stability and sustained release of doxorubicin","volume":"45","author":"Hwang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Macromolecular Rapid Communications"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21174\/ref-20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2015.00591","article-title":"When nanoparticles meet biofilms\u2014interactions guiding the environmental fate and accumulation of nanoparticles","volume":"6","author":"Ikuma","year":"2015","journal-title":"Frontiers in Microbiology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21174\/ref-21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100529","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rsurfi.2025.100529","article-title":"Advances in nanoparticles in targeted drug delivery\u2014a review","volume":"19","author":"Islam","year":"2025","journal-title":"Results in Surfaces and Interfaces"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21174\/ref-22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1853","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2015.1046660","article-title":"Impact of formulation and particle size on stability and immunogenicity of oil-in-water emulsion adjuvants","volume":"11","author":"Iyer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21174\/ref-23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"970","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.00970","article-title":"Lauroyl arginate ethyl blocks the iron signals necessary for Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm development","volume":"8","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Frontiers in Microbiology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21174\/ref-24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0217205","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0217205","article-title":"Synergistic effects of LFchimera and antibiotic against planktonic and biofilm form of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans","volume":"14","author":"Lachica","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21174\/ref-25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2021.03.012","article-title":"Size shifting of solid lipid nanoparticle system triggered by alkaline phosphatase for site specific mucosal drug delivery","volume":"163","author":"Le-Vinh","year":"2021","journal-title":"European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21174\/ref-26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.12502","article-title":"Electrostatic interactions of cationic lauric arginate with anionic polysaccharides affect antimicrobial activity against spoilage yeasts","volume":"117","author":"Loeffler","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Microbiology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21174\/ref-27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1602962","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1602962","article-title":"Formation, architecture, and persistence of oral biofilms: recent scientific discoveries and new strategies for their regulation","volume":"16","author":"Lv","year":"2025","journal-title":"Frontiers in Microbiology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21174\/ref-28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1125808","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1125808","article-title":"Ethyl lauroyl arginate: an update on the antimicrobial potential and application in the food systems: a review","volume":"14","author":"Ma","year":"2023","journal-title":"Frontiers in Microbiology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21174\/ref-29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1039\/D4PM00032C","article-title":"Antimicrobial nanoparticles: current landscape and future challenges","volume":"1","author":"Mondal","year":"2024","journal-title":"RSC Pharmaceutics"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21174\/ref-30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1007\/s11947-014-1391-x","article-title":"Antimicrobial effectiveness of lauroyl arginate incorporated into ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymers to extend the shelf-life of chicken stock and surimi sticks","volume":"8","author":"Muriel-Galet","year":"2015","journal-title":"Food and Bioprocess Technology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21174\/ref-31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.56808\/2985-1130.3766","article-title":"The use of ethyl lauroyl arginate encapsulated in organic nanoparticles within boar semen extenders to control bacterial growth and preserve sperm quality during short-term storage without antibiotics","volume":"54","author":"Ngo","year":"2025","journal-title":"The Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21174\/ref-32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31118","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-16877-7","article-title":"Green synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles with lemongrass essential oil for the development of an effective herbal mouthwash","volume":"15","author":"Pallavi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21174\/ref-33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16495","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpcc.9b00913","article-title":"What does nanoparticle stability mean?","volume":"123","author":"Phan","year":"2019","journal-title":"The Journal of Physical Chemistry C"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21174\/ref-34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13379","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.langmuir.1c02056","article-title":"Zeta potential and colloidal stability predictions for inorganic nanoparticle dispersions: effects of experimental conditions and electrokinetic models on the interpretation of results","volume":"37","author":"Pochapski","year":"2021","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21174\/ref-35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2004.02207.x","article-title":"Cellular effects of monohydrochloride of l-arginine, N \u03b1-lauroyl ethylester (LAE) on exposure to Salmonella typhimurium and Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"96","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Microbiology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21174\/ref-36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2058","DOI":"10.1111\/ijfs.13484","article-title":"Evaluation of a novel antimicrobial (lauric arginate ester) substance against biofilm of Escherichia coli O157: H7, Listeria monocytogenes, and Salmonella spp","volume":"52","author":"Sadekuzzaman","year":"2017","journal-title":"International Journal of Food Science and Technology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21174\/ref-37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1080\/00016357.2017.1412499","article-title":"The plaque and gingivitis inhibiting capacity of a commercially available mouthwash containing essential oils and ethyl lauroyl arginate. A randomized clinical trial","volume":"76","author":"Val\u00f8r","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Odontologica ScandInavica"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21174\/ref-38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1080\/00150193.2017.1370271","article-title":"Investigation of the zeta potential, particle size and electrical properties of erbium doped SBLNN ceramics","volume":"517","author":"Viswarupachary","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ferroelectrics"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21174\/ref-39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1080\/08927014.2019.1632835","article-title":"D-LL-31 in combination with ceftazidime synergistically enhances bactericidal activity and biofilm destruction in Burkholderia pseudomallei","volume":"35","author":"Wongkaewkhiaw","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biofouling"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21174\/ref-40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0266044","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0266044","article-title":"Induction of apoptosis in human colorectal cancer cells by nanovesicles from fingerroot (Boesenbergia rotunda (L.) Mansf.)","volume":"17","author":"Wongkaewkhiaw","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21174\/ref-41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1594","DOI":"10.3892\/ijmm.2016.2550","article-title":"Clinical implications of the growth-suppressive effects of chlorhexidine at low and high concentrations on human gingival fibroblasts and changes in morphology","volume":"37","author":"Wyganowska-Swiatkowska","year":"2016","journal-title":"International Journal of Molecular Medicine"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21174\/ref-42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e01033\u201301019","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01033-19","article-title":"Synergistic antimicrobial activity by light or thermal treatment and lauric arginate: membrane damage and oxidative stress","volume":"85","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Applied and Environmental Microbiology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21174\/ref-43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e05621","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2019.5621","article-title":"Safety of ethyl lauroyl arginate (E 243) as a food additive in the light of the new information provided and the proposed extension of use","volume":"17","author":"Younes","year":"2019","journal-title":"EFSA Journal"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21174\/ref-44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17026","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms242317026","article-title":"Anti-biofilm activity of cocultimycin A against Candida albicans","volume":"24","author":"Zhu","year":"2023","journal-title":"International Journal of Molecular Sciences"}],"container-title":["PeerJ"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/21174.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/21174.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/21174.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/21174.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T08:33:48Z","timestamp":1776933228000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/21174"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]]},"references-count":44,"alternative-id":["10.7717\/peerj.21174"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7717\/peerj.21174","archive":["CLOCKSS","LOCKSS","Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2167-8359"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2167-8359","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]]},"article-number":"e21174"}}