{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T09:07:54Z","timestamp":1779268074928,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"PeerJ","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779235200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Indonesian Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology through the Riset Kolaborasi Indonesia (RKI) Program for PTN-BH 2025"},{"name":"Universitas Airlangga under the Lembaga Penelitian dan Pengabdian Masyarakat","award":["1675\/B\/UN3.LPPM\/PT.01.03\/2025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1675\/B\/UN3.LPPM\/PT.01.03\/2025"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Enhancing the nation\u2019s beef supply and guaranteeing long-term food security require increasing the effectiveness of artificial insemination (AI) in Bali cattle (\n                      <jats:italic>Bos javanicus<\/jats:italic>\n                      ). Cryotolerance, or post-thaw variability in semen quality, limits AI results and probably reflects systemic and cellular metabolic variations. To determine the metabolic determinants of cryotolerance under standardized nutrition and supervision, this study combined blood biochemistry with the sperm metabolome.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Ten healthy breeding bulls at the regional artificial insemination center (RAIC) were maintained on a uniform forage\u2013concentrate diet. Blood biochemical parameters were measured using ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) plasma. For metabolomics, washed sperm pellets were prepared from frozen\u2013thawed semen straws and profiled using untargeted gas chromatography\u2013mass spectrometry (GC\u2013MS). Multivariate analyses (hierarchical clustering, K-means, and partial least squares\u2013discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) with variable importance in projection (VIP) scores) summarized the global patterns. Spearman correlations were used to integrate blood indices, sperm metabolites, and post-thaw traits (motility, viability, plasma membrane integrity (%PMI), and morphological abnormalities).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Eighteen intracellular metabolites were identified, predominated by fatty acyls. Unsupervised clustering and PLS-DA revealed clear inter-individual separation, with palmitic and stearic acids being among the most discriminant features (VIP \u2265 1.0). Systemic markers of lipid carriage and ionic tone aligned with sperm lipid composition: albumin and potassium were associated with higher intracellular palmitate levels and related metabolites. Functionally, lipid and short-chain fatty acid features, 1-monopalmitin, nonadecanoic acid, caproic acid, and valeric acid, were positively associated with viability and\/or PMI%, whereas dodecanoic acid and glycerol monostearate were inversely related to morphological abnormalities. However, no robust association was detected with motility.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Under a controlled dietary baseline, a lipid-centric blood-to-sperm metabolic axis emerges as a key determinant of cryotolerance in\n                      <jats:italic>B. javanicus<\/jats:italic>\n                      . The prioritized metabolites constitute practical biomarker candidates for sire screening and provide a mechanistic basis for refining extenders and cryopreservation protocols at AI centers. Targeted tandem mass spectrometry, membrane-focused lipidomics, and mitochondrial functional assays offer immediate paths to translation, with the potential to improve reproductive efficiency and, ultimately, bolster sustainable beef production and food security.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.21244","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T08:24:22Z","timestamp":1779265462000},"page":"e21244","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Integrative analysis of blood biochemistry and sperm metabolome profiles reveals metabolic determinants of cryotolerance in Bali bulls under standardized nutritional conditions"],"prefix":"10.7717","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Zulfi Nur Amrina","family":"Rosyada","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Animal Husbandry, Department of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, 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Paramita","family":"Lokapirnasari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Animal Husbandry, Department of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia"},{"name":"Animal Science and Nutrition Research Group, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga,  Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"family":"Rimayanti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Veterinary Reproduction, Department of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia"},{"name":"Reproduction Engineering Research Group, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Siti Rani","family":"Ayuti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 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