{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T05:47:31Z","timestamp":1785217651472,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":114,"publisher":"PeerJ","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780012800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004595","name":"Universiti Sains Malaysia","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["R501-LR-RND003-0000002262-0000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R501-LR-RND003-0000002262-0000"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004595","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"USM CARE Scholarship"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Zoonotic diseases have become a significant public health concern due to their capacity to cross species barriers and cause widespread outbreaks. Conventional diagnostic and therapeutic strategies often lack the specificity, sensitivity, and rapid adaptability required for effective disease management. Therefore, aptamers, single-stranded oligonucleotides, have emerged as powerful tools in detection and therapeutics. This review elucidates the role of aptamer-based technologies in diagnosing and treating bacterial, viral, and parasitic zoonoses, including\n                    <jats:italic>Leptospira<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Helicobacter pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                    , rabies virus, monkeypox virus,\n                    <jats:italic>Plasmodium<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>Toxoplasma<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:italic>gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                    . It highlights their mechanisms of interaction, including the molecular recognition of virulence factors, such as lipoprotein L32 (\n                    <jats:italic>lipL32<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), non-structural protein 1 (NS1), and\n                    <jats:italic>Plasmodium falciparum<\/jats:italic>\n                    lactate dehydrogenase (PfLDH). It explores the development of aptamer-based biosensors, theranostic systems, and point-of-care (POC) detection platforms. Furthermore, emerging innovations such as nanomaterial conjugation, artificial intelligence-assisted systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX), and microfluidic integration are discussed as transformative approaches that enhance diagnostic performance and field applicability. Collectively, this review underscores the versatility and clinical promise of aptamers as next-generation biomolecular tools for rapid, accurate, and cost-effective management of zoonotic diseases, addressing the limitations of existing diagnostic and therapeutic modalities.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.21304","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T08:40:27Z","timestamp":1780044027000},"page":"e21304","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Frontiers in aptamer-based diagnostics and therapeutics for zoonotic diseases"],"prefix":"10.7717","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Jia Ying","family":"Wong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8473-9392","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mai Abdel Haleem","family":"A. Abusalah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nurul Izzaty Najwa","family":"Zahari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wardah","family":"Yusof","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lih Huey","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Choo Yee","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Vaccine and Biomolecules, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0509-6518","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Geik Yong","family":"Ang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdul Rahman","family":"Zaidah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0034-7624","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Chan","family":"Yean Yean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"4443","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]]},"reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"10.7717\/peerj.21304\/ref-1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.3390\/Pathogens10080943","article-title":"Regional prevalence of intermediate Leptospira spp. in humans: a meta-analysis","volume":"10","author":"Abd Rahman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.7717\/peerj.21304\/ref-2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6215","DOI":"10.1039\/D3NR06642H","article-title":"Enhanced theranostic efficacy of 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