{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T09:16:05Z","timestamp":1780478165554,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"PeerJ","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780444800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.nationalarchives.gov.uk\/doc\/open-government-licence\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Beekeepers engaging in highbush blueberry pollination in Canada and the U.S. have raised concerns over poor colony health outcomes presenting as European foulbrood disease (EFB), which highlights a need for improved management strategies supporting colony health during and after pollination. We assessed over 200 colonies belonging to five beekeepers before, at the end, and three weeks following the end of the blueberry pollination period. Half of the colonies at each site were provided with MegaBee pollen supplement and scored for EFB prevalence and severity to test the hypothesis that protein patty supplementation could prevent or mitigate disease development. Before pollination, EFB prevalence was overall low for each beekeeper, with 0\u201317% of colonies displaying symptoms. In contrast, EFB prevalence was higher post-pollination, ranging from 12\u201357% symptomatic colonies, though temporal changes were not statistically significant for every beekeeper. Field disease assessments were corroborated with droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) analyses of\n                    <jats:italic>M. plutonius<\/jats:italic>\n                    , the causative agent of EFB, in adult bees, where disease category (symptomatic versus asymptomatic) was significantly, positively linked to both\n                    <jats:italic>M. plutonius<\/jats:italic>\n                    presence and intensity. Protein patty supplementation did not significantly affect EFB prevalence or severity. This data shows that EFB prevalence can increase after blueberry pollination, but not consistently, and that the MegaBee protein supplementation does not appear to be an effective intervention. Other disease mitigation strategies should be pursued, as well as investigation into additional factors leading to EFB occurrence.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.21338","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T08:43:45Z","timestamp":1780476225000},"page":"e21338","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["European foulbrood disease and protein supplementation in honey bee (\n                    <i>Apis mellifera<\/i>\n                    L.) colonies pollinating highbush blueberries in British Columbia"],"prefix":"10.7717","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Amanda S.","family":"Gregoris","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Beaverlodge Research Farm, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Beaverlodge, Alberta, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alison","family":"McAfee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Ecology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States of America"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heather","family":"Higo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Common","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bradford","family":"Vinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abigail","family":"Chapman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdullah","family":"Ibrahim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beaverlodge Research Farm, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Beaverlodge, Alberta, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffery S.","family":"Pettis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pettis and Associates LLC., Salisbury, MD, United States of America"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patricia","family":"Wolf Veiga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Bee Diagnostic Centre, Northwestern Polytechnic, Beaverlodge, Alberta, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Castillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Bee Diagnostic Centre, Northwestern Polytechnic, Beaverlodge, Alberta, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leonard J.","family":"Foster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen F.","family":"Pernal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beaverlodge Research Farm, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Beaverlodge, Alberta, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. Marta","family":"Guarna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beaverlodge Research Farm, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Beaverlodge, Alberta, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada"},{"name":"Project Apis m., Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"4443","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21338\/ref-1","article-title":"Statistical overview of the Canadian fruit industry 2022","author":"Agriculture and Agri-Food\u00a0Canada","year":"2023","journal-title":"Catalogue No.: A71-33E-PDF"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21338\/ref-2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40568","DOI":"10.1038\/srep40568","article-title":"A \u2018landscape physiology\u2019 approach for assessing bee health highlights the benefits of floral landscape 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