{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T09:00:25Z","timestamp":1772269225257,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"PeerJ","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,15]],"date-time":"2016-06-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1465948800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Background:<\/jats:bold>\n                    The Atlantic Forest is globally one of the priority ecoregions for biodiversity conservation. In Argentina, it is represented by the Paranense Forest, which covers a vast area of Misiones Province between the Paran\u00e1 and Uruguay rivers. The Uruguay River is a global hotspot of freshwater gastropod diversity, here mainly represented by Tateidae (genus\n                    <jats:italic>Potamolithus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) and to a lesser extent Chilinidae. The family Chilinidae (Gastropoda, Hygrophila) includes 21 species currently recorded in Argentina, and three species in the Uruguay River. The species of Chilinidae occur in quite different types of habitats, but generally in clean oxygenated water recording variable temperature ranges. Highly oxygenated freshwater environments (waterfalls and rapids) are the most vulnerable continental environments. We provide here novel information on three new species of Chilinidae from environments containing waterfalls and rapids in the Uruguay River malacological province of Argentina.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Materials and Methods:<\/jats:bold>\n                    The specimens were collected in 2010. We analyzed shell, radula, and nervous and reproductive systems, and determined the molecular genetics. The genetic distance was calculated for two mitochondrial markers (cytochrome\n                    <jats:italic>c<\/jats:italic>\n                    oxidase subunit I\u2013COI- and cytochrome b -Cyt b-) for these three new species and the species recorded from the Misionerean, Uruguay River and Lower Paran\u00e1-R\u00edo de la Plata malacological provinces. In addition, the COI data were analyzed phylogenetically by the neighbor-joining and Bayesian inference techniques.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold>\n                    The species described here are different in terms of shell, radula and nervous and reproductive systems, mostly based on the sculpture of the penis sheath. Phylogenetic analyses grouped the three new species with those present in the Lower Paran\u00e1-R\u00edo de la Plata and Uruguay River malacological provinces.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Discussion:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Phylogenetic analyses confirm the separation between the Uruguay River and the Misionerean malacological provinces in northeast Argentina. These new endemic species from the Uruguay River add further support to the suggestion that this river is a diversity hotspot of freshwater gastropods (with 54 species present in this basin, 15 of them endemic). These endemic species from environments with rapids and waterfalls should be taken into account by government agencies before the construction of dams that modify those ecologic niches in the Uruguay River.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.2138","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,15]],"date-time":"2016-06-15T11:54:39Z","timestamp":1465991679000},"page":"e2138","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Freshwater gastropods diversity hotspots: three new species from the Uruguay River (South America)"],"prefix":"10.7717","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Diego E.","family":"Guti\u00e9rrez Gregoric","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Cient\u00edfico Tecnol\u00f3gico La Plata, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y T\u00e9cnicas, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina"},{"name":"Divisi\u00f3n Zoolog\u00eda Invertebrados, Museo de La Plata, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Micaela","family":"de Luc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Divisi\u00f3n Zoolog\u00eda Invertebrados, Museo de La Plata, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"4443","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.2138\/ref-1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Ampullariidae","volume-title":"Fauna de Agua Dulce de la Rep\u00fablica Argentina","volume":"15","author":"Castellanos","year":"1976"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.2138\/ref-2","first-page":"23","article-title":"Chilinidae","volume-title":"Fauna de Agua Dulce de la Rep\u00fablica Argentina","volume":"15","author":"Castellanos","year":"1981"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.7717\/peerj.2138\/ref-3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1978","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2011.09.003","article-title":"Morphological and molecular characterization of Neotropic Lymnaeidae (Gastropoda: Lymnaeoidea), vectors of fasciolosis","volume":"11","author":"Correa","year":"2011","journal-title":"Infection, Genetics and Evolution"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.2138\/ref-4","first-page":"216","article-title":"Comparative anatomy of three species of Epiphragmophora Doering, 1874 (Pulmonata: Xanthonychidae) from Argentina","volume":"40","author":"Cuezzo","year":"1997","journal-title":"The Veliger"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.2138\/ref-5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1870.tb00201.x","article-title":"On the genus Pompholyx and its allies, with a revision of the Limnaeidae of authors","volume":"9","author":"Dall","year":"1870","journal-title":"Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History of New York"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.2138\/ref-6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2108\/zsj.28.1","article-title":"Ecosystem engineering impact of Limnoperna fortunei in South America","volume":"28","author":"Darrigran","year":"2011","journal-title":"Zoological Science"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.7717\/peerj.2138\/ref-7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-0998.2009.02559.x","article-title":"DNA barcoding of stylommatophoran land snails: a test of existing sequences","volume":"9","author":"Davison","year":"2009","journal-title":"Molecular Ecology Resources"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.7717\/peerj.2138\/ref-8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7998.1960.tb05602.x","article-title":"The evolution of the pulmonate genital systems","volume":"134","author":"Duncan","year":"1960","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.7717\/peerj.2138\/ref-9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.2307\/2408678","article-title":"Confidence limits on phylogenies: an approach using the bootstrap","volume":"39","author":"Felsenstein","year":"1985","journal-title":"Evolution"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.7717\/peerj.2138\/ref-10","first-page":"294","article-title":"DNA primers for amplification of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I from diverse metazoan invertebrates","volume":"3","author":"Folmer","year":"1994","journal-title":"Molecular Marine Biology and Biotechnology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.2138\/ref-11","first-page":"13","article-title":"Enigmatic distribution patterns of the Bithyniidae in the Balkan Region (Gastropoda: Rissooidea)","volume":"25","author":"Gl\u00f6er","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mollusca"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.2138\/ref-12","volume-title":"Spicilegia Zoologica, or Original Figures and Short Systematic Descriptions of New and Unfigured Animals. Pt 1","author":"Gray","year":"1828"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.2138\/ref-13","first-page":"129","article-title":"A list of the genera of recent Mollusca, their synonyms and types","volume":"15","author":"Gray","year":"1847","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.2138\/ref-14","author":"Guti\u00e9rrez Gregoric","year":"2008","journal-title":"Estudios Morfoanat\u00f3micos y Tendencias Poblacionales en Especies de la Familia Chilinidae Dall, 1870 (Mollusca: Gastropoda) en la Cuenca del Plata"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.7717\/peerj.2138\/ref-15","first-page":"321","article-title":"Redescription of two endemic species of Chilinidae (Gastropoda: Basommatophora) from Del Plata basin (South America)","volume":"40","author":"Guti\u00e9rrez Gregoric","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Conchology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.2138\/ref-16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.4002\/040.055.0107","article-title":"Anancylus rosanae (Gastropoda: Pulmonata), new genus and new species from Iguaz\u00fa National Park, Argentina","volume":"55","author":"Guti\u00e9rrez Gregoric","year":"2012","journal-title":"Malacologia"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.2138\/ref-17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.4002\/040.057.0102","article-title":"Sineancylus nom. nov.: a replacement name for Anancylus Guti\u00e9rrez Gregoric, 2012 (Gastropoda, Ancylidae)","volume":"57","author":"Guti\u00e9rrez Gregoric","year":"2014","journal-title":"Malacologia"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.2138\/ref-18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.4002\/0076-2997-50.1-2.321","article-title":"Chilina iguazuensis (Gastropoda: Chilinidae), new species from Iguaz\u00fa National Park, Argentina","volume":"50","author":"Guti\u00e9rrez Gregoric","year":"2008","journal-title":"Malacologia"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.7717\/peerj.2138\/ref-19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.4003\/006.028.0210","article-title":"Populational studies in a endemic gastropod species of waterfalls environment","volume":"28","author":"Guti\u00e9rrez Gregoric","year":"2010","journal-title":"American Malacological Bulletin"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.7717\/peerj.2138\/ref-20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.4003\/006.031.0204","article-title":"First records of four exotic slugs in Argentina","volume":"31","author":"Guti\u00e9rrez Gregoric","year":"2013","journal-title":"American Malacological Bulletin"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.7717\/peerj.2138\/ref-21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1080\/13235818.2013.866184","article-title":"Two new species of Chilina Gray from Cuyo Malacological Province, Argentina (Gastropoda: Hygrophila: Chilinidae)","volume":"34","author":"Guti\u00e9rrez Gregoric","year":"2014","journal-title":"Molluscan Research"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.2138\/ref-22","first-page":"181","article-title":"A nondestructive method for cleaning gastropod radulae from frozen, alcohol-fixed, or dried material","volume":"14","author":"Holznagel","year":"1998","journal-title":"American Malacological Bulletin"},{"issue":"13","key":"10.7717\/peerj.2138\/ref-23","first-page":"26","article-title":"Nueva especie de Chilina del norte Argentino","volume":"4","author":"Hylton Scott","year":"1958","journal-title":"Neotropica"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.2138\/ref-24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.11646\/zootaxa.3450.1.1","article-title":"Amendment of Articles 8, 9, 10, 21 and 78 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature to expand and refine methods of publication","volume":"3450","author":"ICZN","year":"2012","journal-title":"Zootaxa"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.2138\/ref-25","first-page":"9","article-title":"Chilina megastoma Hylton Scott, 1958 (Pulmonata: Basommatophora): a study on topotypic specimens","volume":"14","author":"Ituarte","year":"1997","journal-title":"American Malacological Bulletin"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.7717\/peerj.2138\/ref-26","first-page":"103","article-title":"Acrorbis petricola Odhner, 1937 (Gastropoda: Pulmonata: Planorbidae) at Iguaz\u00fa, Misiones, Argentina, and the rediscovery of the type series of Acrorbis odhneri Hylton-Scott, 1960","volume":"112","author":"Ituarte","year":"1998","journal-title":"The Nautilus"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.2138\/ref-27","first-page":"93","article-title":"Chilina (Basommatophora; Chilinidae) nas lagoas costeiras do R\u00edo Grande do Sul, Brasil: concha, r\u00e1dula, habitat e distribuicao","volume":"82","author":"Lanzer","year":"1997","journal-title":"Iheringia"},{"issue":"21","key":"10.7717\/peerj.2138\/ref-28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2947","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btm404","article-title":"Clustal W and Clustal X version 2.0","volume":"23","author":"Larkin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.2138\/ref-29","first-page":"1","article-title":"Ichthyological ecoregions of Argentina","volume":"1","author":"L\u00f3pez","year":"2002","journal-title":"Probiota"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.2138\/ref-30","article-title":"Aylacostoma guaraniticum. IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species","author":"Mansur","year":"2000a","edition":"2011.1"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.2138\/ref-31","article-title":"Aylacostoma stigmaticum. IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species","author":"Mansur","year":"2000b","edition":"2011.1"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.2138\/ref-32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1076\/snfe.38.1.71.14032","article-title":"Allometric growth an interpopulation morphological variation of the freshwater snail Chilina parchappii (Gastropoda: Chilinidae) in the Napost\u00e1 Grande stream, southern Pampas, Argentina","volume":"38","author":"Mart\u00edn","year":"2003","journal-title":"Studies in Neotropical Fauna and Environment"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.2138\/ref-33","first-page":"7","article-title":"Universal cytochrome b primers facilitate intraspecific studies in molluscan taxa","volume":"7","author":"Merritt","year":"1998","journal-title":"Molecular Marine Biology and Biotechnology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.2138\/ref-34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.4002\/040.053.0103","article-title":"Freshwater gastropod provinces from Argentina","volume":"53","author":"N\u00fa\u00f1ez","year":"2010","journal-title":"Malacologia"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.2138\/ref-35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.4002\/040.055.0108","article-title":"Systematic revision of Chilina Gray (Gastropoda: Pulmonata) from northwestern Argentina and description of a new species","volume":"55","author":"Ovando","year":"2012","journal-title":"Malacologia"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.2138\/ref-36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1071\/MF9820089","article-title":"Hidrobiidae of Lord Howe Island (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Prosobranchia)","volume":"33","author":"Ponder","year":"1982","journal-title":"Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.7717\/peerj.2138\/ref-37","first-page":"1","article-title":"Zoogeograf\u00eda y ecolog\u00eda de los peces de aguas continentales de la Argentina y consideraciones sobre \u00e1reas ictiol\u00f3gicas de Am\u00e9rica del Sur","volume":"2","author":"Ringuelet","year":"1975","journal-title":"Ecosur"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.7717\/peerj.2138\/ref-38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1093\/sysbio\/sys029","article-title":"MrBayes 3.2: efficient bayesian phylogenetic inference and model choice across a large model space","volume":"61","author":"Ronquist","year":"2012","journal-title":"Systematic Biology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.2138\/ref-39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.4002\/1543-8120-49.1.189","article-title":"Freshwater Gastropoda from Argentina: species richness, distribution patterns, and an evaluation of endangered species","volume":"49","author":"Rumi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Malacologia"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.2138\/ref-40","volume-title":"Land and Freshwater Mollusks of Brazil","author":"Simone","year":"2006"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.2138\/ref-41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1007\/s10750-007-9012-6","article-title":"Global diversity of Gastropods (Gastropoda; Mollusca) in freshwater","volume":"595","author":"Strong","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hydrobiologia"},{"issue":"30","key":"10.7717\/peerj.2138\/ref-42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11030","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0404206101","article-title":"Prospects for inferring very large phylogenies by using the Neighbor-Joining method","volume":"101","author":"Tamura","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.7717\/peerj.2138\/ref-43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2731","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msr121","article-title":"MEGA5: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis using maximum likelihood, evolutionary distance, and maximum parsimony methods","volume":"28","author":"Tamura","year":"2011","journal-title":"Molecular Biology and Evolution"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.2138\/ref-44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.4067\/S0717-65382006000100014","article-title":"Estado de conocimiento de los gastr\u00f3podos dulceacu\u00edcolas de Chile","volume":"70","author":"Valdovinos Zarges","year":"2006","journal-title":"Gayana"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.7717\/peerj.2138\/ref-45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1111\/zoj.12179","article-title":"Threatened gastropods under the evolutionary genetic species concept: redescription and new species of the genus Aylacostoma (Gastropoda: Thiaridae) from High Paran\u00e1 River (Argentina\u2013Paraguay)","volume":"172","author":"Vogler","year":"2014","journal-title":"Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society"}],"container-title":["PeerJ"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/2138.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/2138.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/2138.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/2138.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,9]],"date-time":"2019-09-09T15:32:07Z","timestamp":1568043127000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/2138"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,15]]},"references-count":45,"alternative-id":["10.7717\/peerj.2138"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7717\/peerj.2138","archive":["CLOCKSS","LOCKSS","Portico"],"relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.7287\/peerj.2138v0.2\/reviews\/1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.7287\/peerj.2138v0.1\/reviews\/2","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.7287\/peerj.2138v0.1\/reviews\/1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2167-8359"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2167-8359","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,15]]},"article-number":"e2138"}}