{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T09:12:15Z","timestamp":1780909935013,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"PeerJ","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780876800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Shandong Provincial Institute of Educational Sciences Project","award":["No. 2024JX009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 2024JX009"]}]},{"name":"Yantai City Vocational Education 2024 Annual Project"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Smartphone addiction has been linked to adverse mental health outcomes, but its association with suicidal ideation (SI) and suicide attempt (SA) remains inconclusive. This systematic review synthesizes evidence on the relationship between smartphone addiction and SI\/SA.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We systematically searched PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library from 1971 to August 2025 for peer-reviewed English-language studies examining smartphone addiction and SI or SA. Study quality was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Eleven cross-sectional studies met inclusion criteria. Nine studies were conducted in South Korea, one in China, and one in the United States. Most studies (7\/11) were high quality. Significant positive associations between smartphone addiction and SI were consistently reported across adolescents, college students, and young adults. A dose-response relationship was observed, with high-risk users showing greater SI odds (OR range: 1.14\u20134.57). For SA, significant associations were also evident in high-risk groups (OR range: 1.15\u20131.87). The relationship was moderated by synergistic factors such as stress and usage duration.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Smartphone addiction is significantly associated with increased odds of SI and SA across different populations. The relationship mostly exhibits a dose-response pattern, with higher addiction severity correlating with increased odds. These findings support considering problematic smartphone use in suicide prevention strategies across age groups.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.21386","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T08:45:26Z","timestamp":1780908326000},"page":"e21386","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Association between smartphone addiction, suicidal ideation and suicide attempt: a systematic review"],"prefix":"10.7717","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Yufeng","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychological Clinic, Qingdao Hospital,University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences (Qingdao Municipal Hospital), Qingdao, Shandong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Qingdao Hospital, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences (Qingdao Municipal Hospital), Qingdao, Shandong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yantai Nurses School of Shandong, Yantai, Shandong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liping","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yantai Nurses School of Shandong, Yantai, Shandong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinxia","family":"Zhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yantai Nurses School of Shandong, Yantai, Shandong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaohong","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yantai Health Vocational College, Yantai, Shandong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yantai Nurses School of Shandong, Yantai, Shandong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ping","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yantai Nurses School of Shandong, Yantai, Shandong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nannan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yantai Nurses School of Shandong, Yantai, Shandong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lin","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yantai Nurses School of Shandong, Yantai, Shandong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoyu","family":"Sui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yantai Nurses School of Shandong, Yantai, Shandong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fangyuan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychological Clinic, Qingdao Hospital,University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences (Qingdao Municipal Hospital), Qingdao, Shandong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yongling","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yantai Nurses School of Shandong, Yantai, Shandong, China"},{"name":"Yantai Health Vocational College, Yantai, Shandong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"4443","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21386\/ref-1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e48752","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.48752","article-title":"The association between smartphone addiction\/overuse with hand and wrist musculoskeletal complaints, Saudi Arabia","volume":"15","author":"Al-Dhafer","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21386\/ref-2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5344","DOI":"10.26355\/eurrev_202208_29400","article-title":"Problematic smartphone usage and quality of life among Saudi adults","volume":"26","author":"Al-Mohaimeed","year":"2022","journal-title":"European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21386\/ref-3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-018-1745-4","article-title":"The relationship between addiction to smartphone usage and depression among adults: a cross sectional study","volume":"18","author":"Alhassan","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21386\/ref-4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.15537\/Smj.2016.6.14430","article-title":"Smartphone addiction among university students in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","volume":"37","author":"Alosaimi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Saudi Medical Journal"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21386\/ref-5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0294553","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0294553","article-title":"Association between smartphone usage and health outcomes of adolescents: a propensity analysis using the Korea youth risk behavior survey","volume":"18","author":"Cha","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21386\/ref-6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-017-1503-z","article-title":"Gender differences in factors associated with smartphone addiction: a cross-sectional study among medical college students","volume":"17","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21386\/ref-7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1490338","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2024.1490338","article-title":"Relationships between daily emotional experiences and smartphone addiction among college students: moderated mediating role of gender and mental health problems","volume":"15","author":"Cheng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21386\/ref-8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2009.02854.x","article-title":"Mobile phone addiction: a point of issue","volume":"105","author":"Choliz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21386\/ref-9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2024.116147","article-title":"Sleep disturbance, suicidal ideation and psychosis-risk symptoms in individuals at clinical high risk for psychosis","volume":"341","author":"Cohen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Psychiatry Research"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21386\/ref-10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-018-0893-z","article-title":"Psychological pain, depression, and suicide: recent evidences and future directions","volume":"20","author":"Conejero","year":"2018","journal-title":"Current Psychiatry Reports"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21386\/ref-11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.17712\/nsj.2019.2.20180037","article-title":"Effects of smartphone overuse on headache, sleep and quality of life in migraine patients","volume":"24","author":"Demir","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurosciences"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21386\/ref-12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1556\/2006.4.2015.010","article-title":"Relationship of smartphone use severity with sleep quality, depression, and anxiety in university students","volume":"4","author":"Demirci","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Behavioral Addictions"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21386\/ref-13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13899","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.13899","article-title":"Adolescents\u2019 interactive electronic device use, sleep and mental health: a systematic review of prospective studies","volume":"32","author":"Dibben","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Sleep Research"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21386\/ref-14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.26719\/emhj.20.043","article-title":"Mobile phone use pattern and addiction in relation to depression and anxiety","volume":"26","author":"El-Sayed\u00a0Desouky","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21386\/ref-15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2016.08.030","article-title":"Problematic smartphone use: a conceptual overview and systematic review of relations with anxiety and depression psychopathology","volume":"207","author":"Elhai","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Affective Disorders"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21386\/ref-16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105962","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2019.04.020","article-title":"Depression and anxiety symptoms are related to problematic smartphone use severity in Chinese young adults: fear of missing out as a mediator","volume":"101","author":"Elhai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Addictive Behaviors"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21386\/ref-17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2024.03.019","article-title":"Sleep disturbance and suicidal ideation among youth with depression","volume":"354","author":"Fan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Affective Disorders"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21386\/ref-18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1582741","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2025.1582741","article-title":"The impact of smartphone addiction and negative emotions on parent\u2013child relationships among elementary school students","volume":"16","author":"Geng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21386\/ref-19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(22)00193-6","article-title":"Prevalence of suicidal ideation and self-harm behaviours in children aged 12 years and younger: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"9","author":"Geoffroy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21386\/ref-20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2433734","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.33734","article-title":"Sleep disturbance and subsequent suicidal behaviors in preadolescence","volume":"7","author":"Gowin","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Network Open"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21386\/ref-21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e20230868","DOI":"10.1590\/1806-9282.20230868","article-title":"Relationships between internet addiction, smartphone addiction, sleep quality, and academic performance among high-school students","volume":"70","author":"Guclu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Revista da Associa\u00e7\u00e3o M\u00e9dica Brasileira (1992)"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21386\/ref-22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e079828","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2024-079828","article-title":"Smartphones, social media, and teenage mental health","volume":"385","author":"Hartwell","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21386\/ref-23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1556\/2006.4.2015.037","article-title":"Smartphone use and smartphone addiction among young people in Switzerland","volume":"4","author":"Haug","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Behavioral Addictions"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21386\/ref-24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e129","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2021.36.e129","article-title":"Relationships between smartphone addiction and smartphone usage types, depression, ADHD, stress, interpersonal problems, and parenting attitude with middle school students","volume":"36","author":"Hong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Korean Medical Science"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21386\/ref-25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1001280","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.1001280","article-title":"How mobile phone addiction is associated with suicidal ideation in university students in China: roles of depression and online social support","volume":"13","author":"Hu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21386\/ref-26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"809463","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2021.809463","article-title":"Suicidal ideation is associated with excessive smartphone use among Chinese college students","volume":"9","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Frontiers in Public Health"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21386\/ref-27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"954","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-020-08922-z","article-title":"The frequency of impairments in everyday activities due to the overuse of the internet, gaming, or smartphone, and its relationship to health-related quality of life in Korea","volume":"20","author":"Jeong","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21386\/ref-28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1671","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare10091671","article-title":"Combined effects of smartphone overdependence and stress on depression and suicide-related behaviors among high school students","volume":"10","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Healthcare"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21386\/ref-29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.4082\/kjfm.18.0108","article-title":"Association between smartphone usage and mental health in South Korean adolescents: the 2017 Korea youth risk behavior web-based survey","volume":"41","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Korean Journal of Family Medicine"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21386\/ref-30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1216","DOI":"10.30773\/pi.2020.0007","article-title":"Associations between problematic smartphone use, unhealthy behaviors, and mental health status in Korean adolescents: based on data from the 13th Korea youth risk behavior survey (2017)","volume":"17","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychiatry Investigation"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21386\/ref-31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.8446","article-title":"The relationship between smartphone overuse and sleep in younger children: a prospective cohort study","volume":"16","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21386\/ref-32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15050859","article-title":"Effects of internet and smartphone addictions on depression and anxiety based on propensity score matching analysis","volume":"15","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21386\/ref-33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1080\/09638237.2017.1370641","article-title":"Association between psychological and self-assessed health status and smartphone overuse among Korean college students","volume":"28","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Mental Health"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21386\/ref-34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-clinpsy-021815-093204","article-title":"Suicide, suicide attempts, and suicidal ideation","volume":"12","author":"Klonsky","year":"2016","journal-title":"Annual Review of Clinical Psychology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21386\/ref-35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbmt.2023.04.018","article-title":"Pain, smartphone overuse and stress in physiotherapy university students: an observational cross-sectional study","volume":"34","author":"Ladeira","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21386\/ref-36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-021-01593-3","article-title":"Prevalence and correlates of suicidal ideation and suicide attempts in preadolescent children: a US population-based study","volume":"11","author":"Lawrence","year":"2021","journal-title":"Translational Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21386\/ref-37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10916-013-0001-1","article-title":"The SAMS: smartphone addiction management system and verification","volume":"38","author":"Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Medical Systems"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21386\/ref-38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2292","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17072292","article-title":"Psychological characteristics and addiction propensity according to content type of smartphone use","volume":"17","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21386\/ref-39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1177\/003335491613100307","article-title":"Dependency on smartphone use and its association with anxiety in Korea","volume":"131","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Public Health Reports"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21386\/ref-40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.30773\/pi.2023.0051","article-title":"Problematic smartphone use and its relationship with anxiety and suicidal ideation among South Korean adolescents","volume":"20","author":"Lee","year":"2023","journal-title":"Psychiatry Investigation"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21386\/ref-41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1186\/s40359-020-00466-6","article-title":"The relationship of smartphone addiction with psychological distress and neuroticism among university medical students","volume":"8","author":"Lei","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Psychology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21386\/ref-42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2016.05.005","article-title":"Glutamate and gamma-aminobutyric acid systems in the pathophysiology of major depression and antidepressant response to ketamine","volume":"81","author":"Lener","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biological Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21386\/ref-43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e104368","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0104368","article-title":"Prevalence of suicidal ideation in Chinese college students: a meta-analysis","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21386\/ref-44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1556\/2006.2020.00057","article-title":"Correlations between mobile phone addiction and anxiety, depression, impulsivity, and poor sleep quality among college students: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Behavioral Addictions"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21386\/ref-45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2023.05.006","article-title":"Suicidal ideation and its relationship with mental health reported by different informants among children aged 6\u201312","volume":"334","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Affective Disorders"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21386\/ref-46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4581","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16224581","article-title":"Global lifetime and 12-month prevalence of suicidal behavior, deliberate self-harm and non-suicidal self-injury in children and adolescents between 1989 and 2018: a meta-analysis","volume":"16","author":"Lim","year":"2019","journal-title":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21386\/ref-47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.25318\/82-003-x202200500002-eng","article-title":"Prevalence of suicidal ideation among adults in Canada: results of the second Survey on COVID-19 and mental health","volume":"33","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Health Reports"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21386\/ref-48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2022.102128","article-title":"Global prevalence of digital addiction in general population: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"92","author":"Meng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clinical Psychology Review"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21386\/ref-49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.1556\/2006.8.2019.59","article-title":"How to overcome taxonomical problems in the study of Internet use disorders and what to do with smartphone addiction?","volume":"9","author":"Montag","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Behavioral Addictions"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21386\/ref-50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1252371","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1252371","article-title":"Smartphone addiction, sleep quality, depression, anxiety, and stress among medical students","volume":"11","author":"Nikolic","year":"2023","journal-title":"Frontiers in Public Health"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21386\/ref-51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.107.040113","article-title":"Cross-national prevalence and risk factors for suicidal ideation, plans and attempts","volume":"192","author":"Nock","year":"2008","journal-title":"British Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21386\/ref-52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1093\/epirev\/mxn002","article-title":"Suicide and suicidal behavior","volume":"30","author":"Nock","year":"2008","journal-title":"Epidemiologic Reviews"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21386\/ref-53","first-page":"35","article-title":"Smartphone addiction and mental illness in rhode island young adults","volume":"106","author":"Noel","year":"2023","journal-title":"Rhode Island Medical Journal (2013)"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21386\/ref-54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1096","DOI":"10.1111\/josh.13198","article-title":"Smartphone usage patterns and their physical, psychological, and cyber-behavioral predictors among adolescents in South Korea","volume":"92","author":"Oh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of School Health"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21386\/ref-55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1097\/NMD.0000000000001309","article-title":"National prevalence rates of suicidal ideation and suicide attempts among adults with and without depression","volume":"209","author":"Omary","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21386\/ref-56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.2020.258","article-title":"Psychological distress, self-harm and attempted suicide in UK 17-year olds: prevalence and sociodemographic inequalities","volume":"219","author":"Patalay","year":"2021","journal-title":"British Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21386\/ref-57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-023-04646-7","article-title":"Adolescent suicidal behaviour in Namibia: a cross-sectional study of prevalence and correlates among 3152 school learners aged 12\u201317 years","volume":"23","author":"Quarshie","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21386\/ref-58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.2018.27","article-title":"Depression and hopelessness as risk factors for suicide ideation, attempts and death: meta-analysis of longitudinal studies","volume":"212","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2018","journal-title":"British Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21386\/ref-59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1080\/13811118.2019.1649773","article-title":"Social support and suicidal ideation among prisoners with major depressive disorder","volume":"25","author":"Richie","year":"2021","journal-title":"Archives of Suicide Research"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21386\/ref-60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2018.17111194","article-title":"Physical activity and incident depression: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies","volume":"175","author":"Schuch","year":"2018","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21386\/ref-61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A6632","article-title":"Changes of neurotransmitters in youth with internet and smartphone addiction: a comparison with healthy controls and changes after cognitive behavioral therapy","volume":"41","author":"Seo","year":"2020","journal-title":"AJNR. American Journal of Neuroradiology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21386\/ref-62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11600","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph191811600","article-title":"Association between smartphone addiction and suicide","volume":"19","author":"Shinetsetseg","year":"2022","journal-title":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21386\/ref-63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1177\/1059840517734290","article-title":"Suicidal ideation and related factors among korean high school students: a focus on cyber addiction and school bullying","volume":"34","author":"Sohn","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of School Nursing"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21386\/ref-64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-019-2350-x","article-title":"Prevalence of problematic smartphone usage and associated mental health outcomes amongst children and young people: a systematic review, meta-analysis and GRADE of the evidence","volume":"19","author":"Sohn","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21386\/ref-65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1037\/emo0000403","article-title":"Decreases in psychological well-being among American adolescents after 2012 and links to screen time during the rise of smartphone technology","volume":"18","author":"Twenge","year":"2018","journal-title":"Emotion"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21386\/ref-66","first-page":"529","article-title":"Prevalence and Correlates of Suicidal Ideation among Medical Students in a Tertiary Institution in Southern Nigeria","volume":"39","author":"Uteh","year":"2022","journal-title":"West Africa Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21386\/ref-67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1080\/00332747.2021.2004785","article-title":"Suicide ideation and social support trajectories in national guard and reserve servicemembers","volume":"85","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21386\/ref-68","article-title":"The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) for assessing the quality of nonrandomised studies in meta-analyses","author":"Wells","year":"2000"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21386\/ref-69","article-title":"Preventing suicide: a global imperative","author":"WHO","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21386\/ref-70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.1556\/2006.2020.00074","article-title":"Two-dimensional taxonomy of internet addiction and assessment of smartphone addiction with diagnostic criteria and mobile apps","volume":"9","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Behavioral Addictions"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21386\/ref-71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15433","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph192315433","article-title":"Association between sleep and suicidal ideation in Chinese undergraduate students","volume":"19","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21386\/ref-72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17020422","article-title":"Does smartphone addiction fall on a continuum of addictive behaviors?","volume":"17","author":"Yu","year":"2020","journal-title":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21386\/ref-73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1171","DOI":"10.1177\/00207640221089535","article-title":"Prevalence of smartphone addiction among Asian medical students: a meta-analysis of multinational observational studies","volume":"68","author":"Zhong","year":"2022","journal-title":"International Journal of Social Psychiatry"}],"container-title":["PeerJ"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/21386.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/21386.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/21386.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/21386.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T08:45:35Z","timestamp":1780908335000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/21386"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]]},"references-count":73,"alternative-id":["10.7717\/peerj.21386"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7717\/peerj.21386","archive":["CLOCKSS","LOCKSS","Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2167-8359"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2167-8359","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]]},"article-number":"e21386"}}