{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T09:04:23Z","timestamp":1780995863677,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":107,"publisher":"PeerJ","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780963200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Prostate cancer (PCa) is among the most common malignancies in men. Liquid biopsies enable repeated sampling of tumor-derived material, including extracellular vesicles (EVs) that provide stable, multianalyte molecular readouts. Expressed prostatic secretion (EPS), obtained directly or as EPS-urine after prostate massage, is an organ-proximal matrix enriched in prostate-derived proteins, metabolites, and prostasome-like EVs, but its use is limited by low volumes, urine dilution, and lack of standardized protocols. Glycosylation, is a non-templated post-translational modification regulated by enzyme networks and nucleotide-sugar availability, allowing glycomic phenotypes to capture disease states beyond gene or protein levels. This review covers studies from 1985 to 2025 on EPS-associated glycosylation in PCa and, despite limited and heterogenous data, consistently reports altered core fucosylation, terminal sialylation, and\n                    <jats:italic>N-<\/jats:italic>\n                    glycan branching. EV-associated glycomes and prostate-specific antigen glycoforms may diverge from bulk EPS glycans, reflecting selective vesicular cargo loading and compartment-specific regulation. Integrating EPS-based glycan profiling with existing tools could enhance PCa diagnosis and longitudinal monitoring. This review synthesizes emerging findings on EPS-derived glycomic alterations in PCa and presents EPS as a promising yet underutilized biofluid for non-invasive biomarker discovery. Nevertheless, rigorous validation through large-scale studies is essential to establish EPS-based glycan biomarkers as reliable diagnostic and prognostic tools for PCa.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.21401","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T08:56:27Z","timestamp":1780995387000},"page":"e21401","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["<i>N-<\/i>\n                    glycosylation alterations in expressed prostatic secretions: exploring liquid biopsy biomarkers for prostate cancer diagnosis and disease progression"],"prefix":"10.7717","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Ivy Yee Yen","family":"Chew","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Wilayah Persekutuan, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaime Jacqueline","family":"Jayapalan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Wilayah Persekutuan, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jasmine","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Wilayah Persekutuan, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"4443","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21401\/ref-1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)32401-1","article-title":"Diagnostic accuracy of multi-parametric MRI and TRUS biopsy in prostate cancer (PROMIS): a paired validating confirmatory study","volume":"389","author":"Ahmed","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21401\/ref-2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2009.08.015","article-title":"Glycomics and disease markers","volume":"13","author":"An","year":"2009","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Chemical Biology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21401\/ref-3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101668","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrep.2024.101668","article-title":"Comparison of the efficiency of ultrafiltration, precipitation, and ultracentrifugation methods for exosome isolation","volume":"38","author":"Ansari","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biochemistry and Biophysics Reports"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21401\/ref-4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(23)00148-1","article-title":"Abiraterone acetate plus prednisolone with or without enzalutamide for patients with metastatic prostate cancer starting androgen deprivation therapy: final results from two randomised phase 3 trials of the STAMPEDE platform protocol","volume":"24","author":"Attard","year":"2023","journal-title":"The Lancet Oncology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21401\/ref-5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1186\/s12920-014-0074-9","article-title":"Meta-analysis of prostate cancer gene expression data identifies a novel discriminatory signature enriched for glycosylating enzymes","volume":"7","author":"Barfeld","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Medical Genomics"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21401\/ref-6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22010455","article-title":"FUT8 alpha-(1, 6)-fucosyltransferase in cancer","volume":"22","author":"Bastian","year":"2021","journal-title":"International Journal of Molecular Sciences"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21401\/ref-7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-56249-3","article-title":"Compositional data analysis enables statistical rigor in comparative glycomics","volume":"16","author":"Bennett","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nature Communications"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21401\/ref-8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"734280","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2021.734280","article-title":"Direct N-glycosylation profiling of urine and prostatic fluid glycoproteins and extracellular vesicles","volume":"9","author":"Blaschke","year":"2021","journal-title":"Frontiers in Chemistry"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21401\/ref-9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jlb.2024.100146","article-title":"Liquid biopsy into the clinics: current evidence and future perspectives","volume":"4","author":"Boukovala","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Liquid Biopsy"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21401\/ref-10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21834","article-title":"Global cancer statistics 2022: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries","volume":"74","author":"Bray","year":"2024","journal-title":"CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21401\/ref-11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-57497-7","article-title":"A comparison of methods for the isolation and separation of extracellular vesicles from protein and lipid particles in human serum","volume":"10","author":"Brennan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21401\/ref-12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo12030268","article-title":"Citric acid as a potential prostate cancer biomarker determined in various biological samples","volume":"12","author":"Buszewska-Forajta","year":"2022","journal-title":"Metabolites"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21401\/ref-13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D215","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkt1128","article-title":"UniCarbKB: building a knowledge platform for glycoproteomics","volume":"42","author":"Campbell","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Research"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21401\/ref-14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1650","DOI":"10.1021\/pr7008252","article-title":"GlycoWorkbench: a tool for the computer-assisted annotation of mass spectra of glycans","volume":"7","author":"Ceroni","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Proteome Research"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21401\/ref-15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.4111\/icu.20240456","article-title":"Evaluating prostate cancer diagnostic methods: the role and relevance of digital rectal examination in modern era","volume":"66","author":"Chung","year":"2025","journal-title":"Investigative and Clinical Urology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21401\/ref-16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1002\/1615-9861(200102)1:2<340::AID-PROT340>3.0.CO;2-B","article-title":"GlycoMod\u2014a software tool for determining glycosylation compositions from mass spectrometric data","volume":"1","author":"Cooper","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proteomics"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21401\/ref-17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12184","DOI":"10.1002\/jev2.12184","article-title":"Optimization of small extracellular vesicle isolation from expressed prostatic secretions in urine for in-depth proteomic analysis","volume":"11","author":"Correll","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Extracellular Vesicles"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21401\/ref-18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e110","DOI":"10.1002\/cpcb.110","article-title":"Exosome isolation by ultracentrifugation and precipitation and techniques for downstream analyses","volume":"88","author":"Coughlan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Current Protocols in Cell Biology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21401\/ref-19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2191","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9102191","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles as an efficient and versatile system for drug delivery","volume":"9","author":"Dang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21401\/ref-20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4343","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.1c05068","article-title":"In-depth profiling of O-glycan isomers in human cells using C18 nanoliquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and glycogenomics","volume":"94","author":"De\u00a0Haan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Analytical Chemistry"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21401\/ref-21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1835","DOI":"10.1002\/wnan.1835","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of extracellular vesicles and future directions in diagnosis and therapy","volume":"15","author":"De\u00a0Sousa","year":"2023","journal-title":"Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Nanomedicine and Nanobiotechnology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21401\/ref-22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm13040629","article-title":"Active surveillance for prostate cancer: past, current, and future trends","volume":"13","author":"De\u00a0Vos","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Personalized Medicine"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21401\/ref-23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100054","DOI":"10.1074\/mcp.R120.002095","article-title":"Recent advances in analytical approaches for glycan and glycopeptide quantitation","volume":"20","author":"Delafield","year":"2021","journal-title":"Molecular & Cellular Proteomics"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21401\/ref-24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18815","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.4c04316","article-title":"Liquid-biopsy glycan score biomarker accurately indicates and stratifies primary and metastatic prostate cancers","volume":"96","author":"Diaz-Fernandez","year":"2024","journal-title":"Analytical Chemistry"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21401\/ref-25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afr084","article-title":"Human serum N-glycan profiles are age and sex dependent","volume":"40","author":"Ding","year":"2011","journal-title":"Age and Ageing"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21401\/ref-26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.20892\/j.issn.2095-3941.2020.0617","article-title":"A novel expressed prostatic secretion (EPS)-urine metabolomic signature for the diagnosis of clinically significant prostate cancer","volume":"18","author":"Drago","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer Biology & Medicine"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21401\/ref-27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2109","DOI":"10.1021\/pr1001498","article-title":"In-depth proteomic analyses of direct expressed prostatic secretions","volume":"9","author":"Drake","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Proteome Research"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21401\/ref-28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jprot.2009.01.007","article-title":"Clinical collection and protein properties of expressed prostatic secretions as a source for biomarkers of prostatic disease","volume":"72","author":"Drake","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Proteomics"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21401\/ref-29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12093","DOI":"10.1002\/jev2.12093","article-title":"Urinary extracellular vesicles: a position paper by the Urine Task Force of the International Society for extracellular vesicles","volume":"10","author":"Erdbrugger","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Extracellular Vesicles"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21401\/ref-30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1621131","DOI":"10.1080\/20013078.2019.1621131","article-title":"Different isolation approaches lead to diverse glycosylated extracellular vesicle populations","volume":"8","author":"Freitas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Extracellular Vesicles"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21401\/ref-31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-024-05924-0","article-title":"ST3 beta-galactoside alpha-2, 3-sialyltransferase 1 (ST3Gal1) synthesis of Siglec ligands mediates anti-tumour immunity in prostate cancer","volume":"7","author":"Garnham","year":"2024","journal-title":"Communications Biology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21401\/ref-32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0209515","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0209515","article-title":"Healthy human serum N-glycan profiling reveals the influence of ethnic variation on the identified cancer-relevant glycan biomarkers","volume":"13","author":"Gebrehiwot","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21401\/ref-33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo9030048","article-title":"Metabolomics contributions to the discovery of prostate cancer biomarkers","volume":"9","author":"Gomez-Cebrian","year":"2019","journal-title":"Metabolites"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21401\/ref-34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.2010.047118","article-title":"Post-prostatic massage fluid\/urine as an alternative to semen for studying male genitourinary HIV-1 shedding","volume":"87","author":"Graham","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sexually Transmitted Infections"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21401\/ref-35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18974","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-75526-3","article-title":"Characterisation of the main PSA glycoforms in aggressive prostate cancer","volume":"10","author":"Gratacos-Mulleras","year":"2020","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21401\/ref-36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26020802","article-title":"Exosomal liquid biopsy in prostate cancer: a systematic review of biomarkers for diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment response","volume":"26","author":"Hamid","year":"2025","journal-title":"International Journal of Molecular Sciences"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21401\/ref-37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-024-01886-1","article-title":"Glycosylation: mechanisms, biological functions and clinical implications","volume":"9","author":"He","year":"2024","journal-title":"Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21401\/ref-38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2007.09.002","article-title":"EAU guidelines on prostate cancer","volume":"53","author":"Heidenreich","year":"2008","journal-title":"European Urology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21401\/ref-39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1038\/s41571-020-00457-x","article-title":"Liquid biopsy enters the clinic\u2014implementation issues and future challenges","volume":"18","author":"Ignatiadis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21401\/ref-40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2333","DOI":"10.1042\/BCJ20170111","article-title":"Role of glycosylation in nucleating protein folding and stability","volume":"474","author":"Jayaprakash","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biochemical Journal"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21401\/ref-41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76987","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.20299","article-title":"Alterations in expressed prostate secretion-urine PSA N-glycosylation discriminate prostate cancer from benign prostate hyperplasia","volume":"8","author":"Jia","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21401\/ref-42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12491","DOI":"10.1002\/jev2.12491","article-title":"UPCARE: urinary extracellular vesicles-derived prostate cancer assessment for risk evaluation","volume":"13","author":"Jiang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Extracellular Vesicles"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21401\/ref-43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aau6977","article-title":"The biology, function, and biomedical applications of exosomes","volume":"367","author":"Kalluri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21401\/ref-44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1038\/s41585-021-00500-1","article-title":"Proteomic discovery of non-invasive biomarkers of localized prostate cancer using mass spectrometry","volume":"18","author":"Khoo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Urology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21401\/ref-45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.3390\/biom6020025","article-title":"Enzymes for N-glycan branching and their genetic and nongenetic regulation in cancer","volume":"6","author":"Kizuka","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21401\/ref-46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"A0142","DOI":"10.5702\/massspectrometry.A0142","article-title":"Recent developments and application of mass spectrometry imaging in N-glycosylation studies: an overview","volume":"13","author":"Kumar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mass Spectrometry"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21401\/ref-47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1089\/omi.2019.0149","article-title":"Rise of systems glycobiology and personalized glycomedicine: why and how to integrate glycomics with multiomics science?","volume":"23","author":"Kunej","year":"2019","journal-title":"OMICS"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21401\/ref-48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1074\/mcp.M116.064725","article-title":"Tracing cellular origin of human exosomes using multiplex proximity extension assays","volume":"16","author":"Larssen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Molecular & Cellular Proteomics"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21401\/ref-49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2120","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.02120","article-title":"Altered cell adhesion and glycosylation promote cancer immune suppression and metastasis","volume":"10","author":"Laubli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Frontiers in Immunology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21401\/ref-50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123061","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2021.123061","article-title":"Cross-identification of N-glycans by CE-LIF using two capillary coatings and three labeling dyes","volume":"239","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21401\/ref-51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8020","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.4319","article-title":"Prostate cancer in multi-ethnic Asian men: real-world experience in the Malaysia Prostate Cancer (M-CaP) study","volume":"10","author":"Lim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer Medicine"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21401\/ref-52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12917","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M116.729236","article-title":"Epithelial mesenchymal transition induces aberrant glycosylation through hexosamine biosynthetic pathway activation","volume":"291","author":"Lucena","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Biological Chemistry"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21401\/ref-53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.1074\/mcp.R112.026310","article-title":"Quantitative glycomics strategies","volume":"12","author":"Mechref","year":"2013","journal-title":"Molecular & Cellular Proteomics"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21401\/ref-54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2019.06.006","article-title":"Glycosylation in the era of cancer-targeted therapy: where are we heading?","volume":"36","author":"Mereiter","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21401\/ref-55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-021-02230-y","article-title":"Systematic review and meta-analysis of the diagnostic accuracy of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) for the detection of prostate cancer in symptomatic patients","volume":"20","author":"Merriel","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Medicine"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21401\/ref-56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1007\/s10719-020-09947-7","article-title":"HILIC-UPLC-MS for high throughput and isomeric N-glycan separation and characterization in Congenital Disorders Glycosylation and human diseases","volume":"38","author":"Messina","year":"2021","journal-title":"Glycoconjugate Journal"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21401\/ref-57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfy394","article-title":"Uromodulin (Tamm-Horsfall protein): guardian of urinary and systemic homeostasis","volume":"35","author":"Micanovic","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21401\/ref-58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1007\/s00706-022-02938-4","article-title":"Liquid chromatography and capillary electrophoresis in glycomic and glycoproteomic analysis","volume":"153","author":"Molnarova","year":"2022","journal-title":"Monatshefte f\u00fcr Chemie"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21401\/ref-59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1513","DOI":"10.1002\/1878-0261.12348","article-title":"Integrating biomarkers across omic platforms: an approach to improve stratification of patients with indolent and aggressive prostate cancer","volume":"12","author":"Murphy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Molecular Oncology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21401\/ref-60","article-title":"National cancer registry report 2017\u20132021","author":"National Cancer\u00a0Registry","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21401\/ref-61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1093\/glycob\/cwz045","article-title":"Updates to the symbol nomenclature for glycans guidelines","volume":"29","author":"Neelamegham","year":"2019","journal-title":"Glycobiology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21401\/ref-62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-7346-0_5","article-title":"Analysis of individual extracellular vesicles by flow cytometry","volume":"1678","author":"Nolan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Methods in Molecular Biology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21401\/ref-63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1002\/prca.201200134","article-title":"Increased bisecting N-acetylglucosamine and decreased branched chain glycans of N-linked glycoproteins in expressed prostatic secretions associated with prostate cancer progression","volume":"7","author":"Nyalwidhe","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proteomics Clinical Applications"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21401\/ref-64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00446","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plabm.2024.e00446","article-title":"Liquid biopsy in cancer management: integrating diagnostics and clinical applications","volume":"43","author":"Pandey","year":"2025","journal-title":"Practical Laboratory Medicine"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21401\/ref-65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.3390\/biom14030282","article-title":"N-glycosylation as a modulator of protein conformation and assembly in disease","volume":"14","author":"Pasala","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21401\/ref-66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1000179","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2022.1000179","article-title":"MS-based glycomics: an analytical tool to assess nervous system diseases","volume":"16","author":"Peng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Frontiers in Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21401\/ref-67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9637","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M116.764597","article-title":"Effects of altered sialic acid biosynthesis on N-linked glycan branching and cell surface interactions","volume":"292","author":"Pham","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Biological Chemistry"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21401\/ref-68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2014","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13092014","article-title":"Aberrant sialylation in cancer: biomarker and potential target for therapeutic intervention?","volume":"13","author":"Pietrobono","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21401\/ref-69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3266","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15133266","article-title":"Role of truncated O-GalNAc glycans in cancer progression and metastasis in endocrine cancers","volume":"15","author":"Pinto","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21401\/ref-70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3440","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.6b00041","article-title":"Separation and identification of isomeric glycans by selected accumulation-trapped ion mobility spectrometry-electron activated dissociation tandem mass spectrometry","volume":"88","author":"Pu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Analytical Chemistry"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21401\/ref-71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1038\/s41416-021-01610-8","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles as a source of prostate cancer biomarkers in liquid biopsies: a decade of research","volume":"126","author":"Ramirez-Garrastacho","year":"2022","journal-title":"British Journal of Cancer"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21401\/ref-72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3286","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jproteome.0c00218","article-title":"Optimal dissociation methods differ for N- and O-glycopeptides","volume":"19","author":"Riley","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Proteome Research"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21401\/ref-73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prnil.2017.03.005","article-title":"Seminal plasma enables selection and monitoring of active surveillance candidates using nuclear magnetic resonance-based metabolomics: a preliminary investigation","volume":"5","author":"Roberts","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prostate International"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21401\/ref-74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29497","DOI":"10.3402\/jev.v5.29497","article-title":"Different EV enrichment methods suitable for clinical settings yield different subpopulations of urinary extracellular vesicles from human samples","volume":"5","author":"Royo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Extracellular Vesicles"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21401\/ref-75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-7389-7_16","article-title":"Analysis of protein glycosylation in the ER","volume":"1691","author":"Schoberer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Methods in Molecular Biology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21401\/ref-76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1002\/path.6152","article-title":"ST6GAL1-mediated aberrant sialylation promotes prostate cancer progression","volume":"261","author":"Scott","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Pathology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21401\/ref-77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1389","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20061389","article-title":"Glycans as biomarkers in prostate cancer","volume":"20","author":"Scott","year":"2019","journal-title":"International Journal of Molecular Sciences"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21401\/ref-78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5730","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27175730","article-title":"Prostate cancer review: genetics, diagnosis, treatment options, and alternative approaches","volume":"27","author":"Sekhoacha","year":"2022","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21401\/ref-79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1002\/pros.20727","article-title":"The metabolites citrate, myo-inositol, and spermine are potential age-independent markers of prostate cancer in human expressed prostatic secretions","volume":"68","author":"Serkova","year":"2008","journal-title":"Prostate"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21401\/ref-80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1917","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.7b00534","article-title":"New technologies for analysis of extracellular vesicles","volume":"118","author":"Shao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chemical Reviews"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21401\/ref-81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.4103\/iju.IJU_202_19","article-title":"Urinary prostate-specific antigen and microseminoprotein-beta levels in men with and without prostate cancer: a prospective cohort study","volume":"36","author":"Shrivastava","year":"2020","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Urology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21401\/ref-82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0309450","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0309450","article-title":"Interplay between de novo and salvage pathways of GDP-fucose synthesis","volume":"19","author":"Skurska","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21401\/ref-83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5836","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.73400","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles and circulating tumour cells\u2014complementary liquid biopsies or standalone concepts?","volume":"12","author":"Slomka","year":"2022","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21401\/ref-84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1038\/s41573-020-00093-1","article-title":"The clinical impact of glycobiology: targeting selectins, Siglecs and mammalian glycans","volume":"20","author":"Smith","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Drug Discovery"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21401\/ref-85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1717","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers16091717","article-title":"Applications of urinary extracellular vesicles in the diagnosis and active surveillance of prostate cancer","volume":"16","author":"Smith","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21401\/ref-86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1\u2013e9","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2018.295790","article-title":"Prostate cancer risk-associated single-nucleotide polymorphism affects prostate-specific antigen glycosylation and its function","volume":"65","author":"Srinivasan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clinical Chemistry"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21401\/ref-87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1177932219899051","DOI":"10.1177\/1177932219899051","article-title":"Multi-omics data integration, interpretation, and its application","volume":"14","author":"Subramanian","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bioinformatics and Biology Insights"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21401\/ref-88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1093\/glycob\/cwm117","article-title":"Oligosaccharide profiles of the prostate specific antigen in free and complexed forms from the prostate cancer patient serum and in seminal plasma: a glycopeptide approach","volume":"18","author":"Tajiri","year":"2008","journal-title":"Glycobiology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21401\/ref-89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100905","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mam.2020.100905","article-title":"True significance of N-acetylglucosaminyltransferases GnT-III, V and alpha1, 6 fucosyltransferase in epithelial-mesenchymal transition and cancer","volume":"79","author":"Taniguchi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Molecular Aspects of Medicine"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21401\/ref-90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm14030287","article-title":"The application of radiomics and AI to molecular imaging for prostate cancer","volume":"14","author":"Tapper","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Personalized Medicine"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21401\/ref-91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2010.05.026","article-title":"Integrative genomic profiling of human prostate cancer","volume":"18","author":"Taylor","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21401\/ref-92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"831429","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2022.831429","article-title":"PSMA PET in imaging prostate cancer","volume":"12","author":"Tsechelidis","year":"2022","journal-title":"Frontiers in Oncology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21401\/ref-93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.21037\/tau-23-533","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles and prostate cancer management: a narrative review","volume":"13","author":"Urabe","year":"2024","journal-title":"Translational Andrology and Urology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21401\/ref-94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2020.02.001","article-title":"Sialoglycans and Siglecs can shape the tumor immune microenvironment","volume":"41","author":"Van\u00a0de Wall","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends in Immunology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21401\/ref-95","volume-title":"Essentials of glycobiology","author":"Varki","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21401\/ref-96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11034","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms140611034","article-title":"Current status of biomarkers for prostate cancer","volume":"14","author":"Velonas","year":"2013","journal-title":"International Journal of Molecular Sciences"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21401\/ref-97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1002\/pros.22918","article-title":"Urinary prostate protein glycosylation profiling as a diagnostic biomarker for prostate cancer","volume":"75","author":"Vermassen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Prostate"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21401\/ref-98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euo.2023.08.002","article-title":"Diagnostic performance of prostate-specific antigen density for detecting clinically significant prostate cancer in the era of magnetic resonance imaging: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"European Urology Oncology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21401\/ref-99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1515\/cclm-2018-0379","article-title":"Aberrant glycosylation and cancer biomarker discovery: a promising and thorny journey","volume":"57","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21401\/ref-100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3890","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jproteome.0c00435","article-title":"Current methods for the characterization of O-glycans","volume":"19","author":"Wilkinson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Proteome Research"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21401\/ref-101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1900018","DOI":"10.1002\/prca.201900018","article-title":"Management of Tamm-Horsfall protein for reliable urinary analytics","volume":"13","author":"Xu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proteomics Clinical Applications"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21401\/ref-102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1316","DOI":"10.1002\/cac2.12610","article-title":"Altered glycosylation in cancer: molecular functions and therapeutic potential","volume":"44","author":"Xu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancer Communications"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21401\/ref-103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ab.2019.06.001","article-title":"Application of high-mannose-type glycan-specific lectin from Oscillatoria Agardhii for affinity isolation of tumor-derived extracellular vesicles","volume":"580","author":"Yamamoto","year":"2019","journal-title":"Analytical Biochemistry"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21401\/ref-104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2014.04.107","article-title":"Measurement of aberrant glycosylation of prostate specific antigen can improve specificity in early detection of prostate cancer","volume":"448","author":"Yoneyama","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21401\/ref-105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39739","DOI":"10.1039\/d0ra05466f","article-title":"Integrated glycomics strategy for the evaluation of glycosylation alterations in salivary proteins associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"10","author":"Yu","year":"2020","journal-title":"RSC Advances"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21401\/ref-106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3666","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11223666","article-title":"A sweet warning: mucin-type O-glycans in cancer","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21401\/ref-107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1144","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI81128","article-title":"Prostasomes as a source of diagnostic biomarkers for prostate cancer","volume":"126","author":"Zijlstra","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Investigation"}],"container-title":["PeerJ"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/21401.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/21401.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/21401.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/21401.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T08:56:48Z","timestamp":1780995408000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/21401"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]]},"references-count":107,"alternative-id":["10.7717\/peerj.21401"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7717\/peerj.21401","archive":["CLOCKSS","LOCKSS","Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2167-8359"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2167-8359","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]]},"article-number":"e21401"}}