{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T16:35:15Z","timestamp":1787330115340,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":112,"publisher":"PeerJ","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787270400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["U24A20629"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U24A20629"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"The Central Government\u2019s Forestry and Grass Science and Technology Demonstration Program","award":["SLTG[2025]13"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SLTG[2025]13"]}]},{"name":"The Shaanxi Forestry Science and Technology Innovation Program","award":["SXLK2024-0612"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SXLK2024-0612"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Grassland ecosystems play a critical role in global ecological security and sustainable development. However, they are experiencing continuous functional decline due to multiple stresses under climate change. Glycine betaine (GB) has been systematically studied for enhancing stress tolerance in agricultural crops. Nevertheless, a knowledge gap exists regarding its application in the restoration of degraded grasslands. What social-ecological values might emerge from addressing this gap?<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To address these questions, this study conducted a systematic bibliometric analysis of GB research from 1980 to 2023. The analysis was based on 295 core publications: 132 from the China National Knowledge Infrastructure and 163 from the Web of Science Core Collection. Tailored query strategies were employed in both databases to capture studies on exogenous GB application in plants. After rigorous screening to exclude irrelevant topics, the final corpus was analyzed using VOSviewer and CiteSpace. Analyses included keyword evolution, co-occurrence networks, research trajectory mapping, and collaboration pattern visualization.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The analysis reveals a complementary global research landscape. International studies exhibit a \u201cmechanism-oriented\u201d trajectory, while Chinese research demonstrates an \u201capplication-driven\u201d trajectory. However, research subjects are overwhelmingly concentrated on agricultural crops. Studies on keystone grassland species are nearly absent. Research settings are largely confined to controlled environments, lacking field validation and ecosystem-level assessments. This structural gap provides an empirical basis for further investigation. Building on it, this study adopts a \u201ctechnology-ecology-society\u201d integrated perspective. It proposes a conceptual five-node cyclic model: Technology \u2192 Ecology\u2192 Well-being \u2192 People\u2192 City\u2192 Technology. The model redefines GB from a static \u201ctechnological tool\u201d into a dynamically evolving agent within the social-ecological system. It outlines a three-phase evolutionary pathway: Emergency Response, Functional Restructuring, and Model Transition.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The core value of the model lies in articulating that the migration of GB technology from agriculture to grassland restoration could initiate a virtuous cycle. Rural and urban residents respectively gain the economic and ecological values they currently lack. Enhanced well-being drives the stabilization and agglomeration of human resources. Urban prosperity reinforces technological innovation. This model serves as a heuristic tool. It provides a theoretical framework for the targeted migration of GB technology into grassland ecosystem restoration. It also offers a transferable conceptual model for other agricultural technologies entering ecosystem restoration domains.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.21523","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T15:48:10Z","timestamp":1787327290000},"page":"e21523","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Constructing pathways for glycine betaine in cross-domain ecological restoration: a bibliometric analysis"],"prefix":"10.7717","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Zhe","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of State Forestry Administration on Soil and Water Conservation & Ecological Restoration of Loess Plateau, Shaanxi Academy of Forestry, Xi\u2019an, Shaanxi Province, China"},{"name":"Research Institute of Wetland and Grassland Protection, Shaanxi Academy of Forestry, Xi\u2019an, Shaanxi Province, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junbao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of State Forestry Administration on Soil and Water Conservation & Ecological Restoration of Loess Plateau, Shaanxi Academy of Forestry, Xi\u2019an, Shaanxi Province, China"},{"name":"Research Institute of Wetland and Grassland Protection, Shaanxi Academy of Forestry, Xi\u2019an, Shaanxi Province, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhilin","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute of Wetland and Grassland Protection, Shaanxi Academy of Forestry, Xi\u2019an, Shaanxi Province, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingle","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central South Academy of Inventory and Planning of NFGA, Changsha, Hunan province, 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