{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T16:33:36Z","timestamp":1787589216840,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"PeerJ","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787529600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"\n Background<\/jats:title>\n The purpose of this study was to compare the influence of three enamel finishing and polishing systems (Sof-Lex discs, lithium disilicate Eve burs and lithium disilicate polishing burs) on the shear bond strength and distribution of failure modes of nanohybrid composite resin bonded to enamel.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n A sample of 240 healthy human premolars were randomized into four treatment groups (\n n<\/jats:italic>\n \u00a0=\u00a060 per group): (1) untreated control, (2) Sof-Lex disc polishing, (3) lithium disilicate EVE burs (Li-EVE) burs, and (4) lithium disilicate polishing burs (Li-Polish) burs. Specimens were prepared with standardized protocols and restored with a nanohybrid composite and universal adhesive system. The enamel surfaces were etched with 35% phosphoric acid. Shear bond strength (SBS) was measured using a universal testing machine and fracture modes were assessed with a dissecting microscope. Descriptive statistics, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), Games\u2013Howell\n post hoc<\/jats:italic>\n test, and chi-square analysis of the mode of failure were conducted at \u03b1 = 0.05.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n There were significant differences in SBS between the groups (F(3,236) = 10.54,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n = 1.6\u00a0\u00b1\u00a010\n \u22126<\/jats:sup>\n ). Both Sof-Lex (31.39\u00a0\u00b1\u00a07.81 MPa) and Li-Polish (30.94\u00a0\u00b1\u00a05.70 MPa) had significantly higher bond strength values than control (23.18\u00a0\u00b1\u00a014.04 MPa) and Li-EVE (26.00\u00a0\u00b1\u00a08.26 MPa) (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u00a0\u2264\u00a00.024). There was no significant difference between Sof-Lex and Li-Polish (p = 0.82). The failure modes were predominantly cohesive in all the groups and the distribution of failure modes was not significantly different (\n \u03c7<\/jats:italic>\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n (3) = 6.31,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u00a0=\u00a00.098, Cram\u00e9r\u2019s V = 0.162).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n \n The enamel polishing system significantly influenced composite bond strength. Multi-step polishing systems,\n e.g.<\/jats:italic>\n , Sof-Lex discs or Li-Polish burs, increased adhesive performance markedly over the control groups or one-step polished systems to untreated enamel. The failure mode was not significantly influenced by polishing systems. These findings demonstrated the importance of finishing systems for successful restorative performance.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.21549","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T15:59:10Z","timestamp":1787587150000},"page":"e21549","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effect of multi-system polishing on shear bond strength of nanohybrid composites to enamel: an\n in vitro<\/i>\n study"],"prefix":"10.7717","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Ali","family":"Alsaeed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suraj","family":"Arora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Basil M.","family":"Rubayan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Dental Surgery, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khalid M.","family":"Abdelaziz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammed A.","family":"Alshahrani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Dental Surgery, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayman M.","family":"Fae","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Dental Surgery, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Musleh","family":"AlShahrani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Dental Surgery, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdulrahman Yahya","family":"Alshahrani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shubbah Primary Health Care, Aseer Health Cluster, Ministry of Health, Khamis Mushait, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anuj","family":"Bhardwaj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, College of Dental Science and Hospital, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Swadheena","family":"Patro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Kalinga Institute of Dental Sciences, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ajinkya M.","family":"Pawar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Nair Hospital Dental College, Maharashtra University of Health Sciences, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"4443","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21549\/ref-1","first-page":"82","article-title":"Enamel surface roughness after debonding of orthodontic brackets and various clean-up techniques","volume":"10","author":"Ahrari","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Dentistry"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21549\/ref-2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8111","DOI":"10.3390\/app14188111","article-title":"A literature review of adhesive systems in dentistry: key components and their clinical 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