{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T02:37:38Z","timestamp":1791945458919,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"PeerJ","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784851200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"2025 Hubei Provincial Natural Science Foundation Joint Fund for Sports Innovation and Development","award":["2025AFD659"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025AFD659"]}]},{"name":"2023 Key Project of Scientific and Technological Research of Hubei Provincial Department of Education","award":["D20231903"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D20231903"]}]},{"name":"2024 Hubei Provincial Outstanding Young and Middle-aged Scientific and Technological Innovation Team in Universities","award":["T2024016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T2024016"]}]},{"name":"Open Fund Project of the NFPC Key Laboratory of Green Manufacturing of Super-Light Elastomer Materials","award":["RZ2000000230"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RZ2000000230"]}]},{"name":"2023 Internal Scientific Research Project of Hubei Minzu University","award":["XN2335"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XN2335"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To evaluate the effect of hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) on acute exercise-induced fatigue via electroencephalogram (EEG) signal and surface electromyography (sEMG) signal, with the aim of providing a theoretical basis and methodological reference for promoting fatigue recovery. We hypothesized that HBOT for 60 min and natural recovery would reverse the changes in the indicators related to blood flow restriction (BFR) intervention, with HBOT demonstrating a superior restorative effect.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      College students (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a034) majoring in physical education were randomly assigned to an experimental group (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a017) or control group (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a017). Fatigue was induced using four sets of weight-bearing squats (30 + 15 + 15 + 15 repetitions) combined with BFR intervention set to 80% of the arterial occlusion pressure (AOP) + 20% of the one repetition maximum (1RM) of the lower limbs. The control group naturally recovered for 60 min at ambient room temperature with 1.0 absolute atmospheres (ATA) and 20.9% oxygen concentration. The experimental group received 1.3 ATA hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) for 60 min. EEG signal, sEMG signal, heart rate, blood oxygen saturation, blood lactate accumulation (LA), and the Borg Subjective Fatigue Perception Assessment Scale (RPE) were assessed before exercise, immediately after exercise, and post-intervention.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      LA, RPE, alpha and theta waves in the central area and occipital lobe; alpha waves in the parietal lobe; and average values of RMS, MF, and MPF of the musculus femoris medialis, musculus rectus femoris, and external sural muscle had time-group interaction effects. After intervention, the experimental group exhibited significantly higher \u03b1 wave amplitudes (central, occipital, and parietal lobes) and MF and MPF values (vastus medialis, rectus femoris, and lateral gastrocnemius), compared with the control group (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05). By contrast, the experimental group demonstrated significantly lower \u03b2 wave amplitudes in the central and occipital lobes, lower RMS values in the vastus medialis, rectus femoris, and lateral gastrocnemius muscles, and reduced LA levels and RPE scores, compared with the control group (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>EEG and sEMG signal measurements indicate that BFR intervention induces central and peripheral fatigue simultaneously. After fatigue, 1.3 ATA-HBOT accelerates recovery from both types of fatigue within 60 min. Thus, this recovery method can be used as an effective strategy to accelerate recovery from BFR intervention-induced fatigue.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.21554","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T08:45:20Z","timestamp":1784882720000},"page":"e21554","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Effects of hyperbaric oxygen therapy on EEG and sEMG signals after low-load exercise"],"prefix":"10.7717","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Beilun","family":"Fu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Green Manufacturing of Super-Light Elastomer Materials of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Hubei Minzu University, Ensen, China"},{"name":"School of Sports, Hubei Minzu University, Enshi, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Green Manufacturing of Super-Light Elastomer Materials of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Hubei Minzu University, Ensen, China"},{"name":"School of Sports, Hubei Minzu University, Enshi, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qi","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Green Manufacturing of Super-Light Elastomer Materials of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Hubei Minzu University, Ensen, China"},{"name":"School of Sports, Hubei Minzu University, Enshi, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shufeng","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Green Manufacturing of Super-Light Elastomer Materials of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Hubei Minzu University, Ensen, China"},{"name":"School of Sports, Hubei Minzu University, Enshi, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huan","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Green Manufacturing of Super-Light Elastomer Materials of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Hubei Minzu University, Ensen, China"},{"name":"School of Sports, Hubei Minzu University, Enshi, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Wan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Green Manufacturing of Super-Light Elastomer Materials of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Hubei Minzu University, Ensen, China"},{"name":"School of Sports, Hubei Minzu University, Enshi, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Youling","family":"Qian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Green Manufacturing of Super-Light Elastomer Materials of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Hubei Minzu University, Ensen, China"},{"name":"School of Sports, Hubei Minzu University, Enshi, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"4443","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.21554\/ref-1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E0211021-E0211032","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0211021","article-title":"Electromorphic comparison of the barbell deadlift using constant versus variable resistance in health, trained men","volume":"14","author":"Andersen","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.21554\/ref-2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14065","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-98762-x","article-title":"Time-course of muscle fatigue development during intense exercise in hypoxia and normoxia","volume":"15","author":"Bejder","year":"2025","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21554\/ref-3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1450134-1450142","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2024.1450134","article-title":"Hyperbaric oxygen therapy as a neuromodulatory technique: a review of the recent evidence","volume":"15","author":"Bin-Alamer","year":"2024","journal-title":"Frontiers in Neurology"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.7717\/peerj.21554\/ref-4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2133","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-013-2642-7","article-title":"Effect of range of motion in heavy load squatting on muscle and tendon adaptations","volume":"113","author":"Bloomquist","year":"2013","journal-title":"European Journal of Applied Physiology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.7717\/peerj.21554\/ref-5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2009.01.010","article-title":"Surface EMG based muscle fatigue evaluation in biomechanics","volume":"24","author":"Cifrek","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clinical Biomechanics"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.7717\/peerj.21554\/ref-6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.2011.01329.x","article-title":"Regional brain wave activity changes associated with fatigue","volume":"49","author":"Craig","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21554\/ref-7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"817280","DOI":"10.3389\/fspor.2022.817280","article-title":"Hyperoxia improves repeated-sprint ability and the associated training load in athletes","volume":"4","author":"Cyr-Kirk","year":"2022","journal-title":"Frontiers in Sports and Active Living"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.7717\/peerj.21554\/ref-8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00162.2014","article-title":"The extraction of neural strategies from the surface EMG: an update","volume":"117","author":"Farina","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Physiology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.7717\/peerj.21554\/ref-9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-016-3359-1","article-title":"Acute effects of excise under different levels of blood-flow restriction on muscle activation and fate","volume":"116","author":"Fatela","year":"2016","journal-title":"European Journal of Applied Physiology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.7717\/peerj.21554\/ref-10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"dmm050365","DOI":"10.1242\/dmm.050365","article-title":"In silico study of the mechanisms of hypoxia and contractile dysfunction during ischemia and reperfusion of hiPSC cardiomyocytes","volume":"17","author":"Forouzandehmehr","year":"2024","journal-title":"Disease Models & Mechanisms"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21554\/ref-11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2024.123169","article-title":"New insights into the mechanisms and prevention of central nervous system oxygen toxicity: a prospective review","volume":"360","author":"Groborz","year":"2025","journal-title":"Life Sciences"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21554\/ref-12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2018.01.007","article-title":"The effects of exercise intensity and post-exercise recovery time on cortical activation as revealed by EEG alpha peak frequency","volume":"668","author":"Gutmann","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuroscience Letters"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21554\/ref-13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110430","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.110430","article-title":"Turns-amplitude and power spectral analyses of surface EMG for assessing muscle fatigue and recovery during dynamic hand gripping","volume":"193","author":"Hsu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Computers in Biology and Medicine"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.7717\/peerj.21554\/ref-14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1249\/mss.0b013e3181edfa96","article-title":"Effects of strength training on muscle false mapping from surface EMG and blood metabolites","volume":"43","author":"Izquierdo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.7717\/peerj.21554\/ref-15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.12965\/jer.1836230.115","article-title":"The effects of whole body vibration exercise intervention on electroencephalogram activation and cognitive function in women with senile dementia","volume":"14","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Exercise Rehabilitation"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21554\/ref-16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5187","DOI":"10.14704\/NQ.2022.20.15.NQ88523","article-title":"Decoding the mechanism behind exercise-induced fatigue","volume":"20","author":"Kumar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuroquantology"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.7717\/peerj.21554\/ref-17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2122","DOI":"10.3390\/s25072122","article-title":"A systematic review of surface electromyography in sarcopenia: muscles involved, signal processing techniques, significant features, and artificial intelligence approaches","volume":"25","author":"Leone","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.7717\/peerj.21554\/ref-18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3145","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10123145","article-title":"Hyperbaric oxygen therapy and tissue regeneration: a literature survey","volume":"10","author":"Lindenmann","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.7717\/peerj.21554\/ref-19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-014-3030-7","article-title":"Blood flow restriction in the upper and lower limbs is predicted by limb circulation and systematic blood pressure","volume":"115","author":"Loenneke","year":"2015","journal-title":"European Journal of Applied Physiology"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.7717\/peerj.21554\/ref-20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1523","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-015-0376-x","article-title":"Warm-up strategies for sport and exercise: mechanisms and applications","volume":"45","author":"McGowan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sports Medicine"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.7717\/peerj.21554\/ref-21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1897","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18091897","article-title":"Mitochondrial-targeted antioxidant maintains blood flow, mitochondrial function, and redox balance in old mice following prolonged limb ischemia","volume":"18","author":"Miura","year":"2017","journal-title":"International Journal of Molecular Sciences"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.7717\/peerj.21554\/ref-22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-012-2499-1","article-title":"Changes in surface EMG assessed by discrete wavelet transform during maximal isometric voluntary contractions following supramaximal cycling","volume":"113","author":"Pe\u00f1ailillo","year":"2013","journal-title":"European Journal of Applied Physiology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.7717\/peerj.21554\/ref-23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1201\/9781351008884-63","article-title":"Assessment of fatigue through physiological indicators: a short review","volume":"VI","author":"P\u00e9rez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Occupational Safety and Hygiene"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.7717\/peerj.21554\/ref-24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.3390\/jfmk10040369","article-title":"EEG\u2013metabolic coupling and time limit at V\u0307O2max during constant-load exercise","volume":"10","author":"Poinsard","year":"2025","journal-title":"Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.7717\/peerj.21554\/ref-25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jesf.2024.04.005","article-title":"Effects of mild hyperbaric oxygen therapy on timing sequence recovery of muscle fatigue in Chinese university male athletes","volume":"22","author":"Qu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Exercise Science & Fitness"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.7717\/peerj.21554\/ref-26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-097X.2012.01131.x","article-title":"Cardiovascular and perceptual responses to blood-flow-restricted resistance exercise with differing restrictive cuffs","volume":"32","author":"Rossow","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clinical Physiology and Functional Imaging"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.7717\/peerj.21554\/ref-27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.5550\/sgia.141002.en.003S","article-title":"Role of central fatigue in resistance and endurance exercises: an emphasis on mechanisms and potential sites","volume":"10","author":"Sadri","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sportlogia"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.7717\/peerj.21554\/ref-28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7357","DOI":"10.1364\/boe.403976","article-title":"Sustained false assess-essment during isometric exercises with time-domain near-infared spectros-copy and surface electromyography signals","volume":"11","author":"Scano","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomedical Optics Express"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.21554\/ref-29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-012-2421-x","article-title":"Associations between Borg\u2019s rating of perceived exertion and physiological measures of exercise intensity","volume":"113","author":"Scherr","year":"2013","journal-title":"European Journal of Applied Physiology"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.7717\/peerj.21554\/ref-30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1827","DOI":"10.3390\/biom11121827","article-title":"Hyperbaric oxygen treatment: effects on mitochondrial function and oxidative stress","volume":"11","author":"Schottlender","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.7717\/peerj.21554\/ref-31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1648","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000000809","article-title":"Effects of hyperbaric oxygen on muscle fatigue after maximal intermittent plantar flexion exercise","volume":"29","author":"Shimoda","year":"2015","journal-title":"The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.21554\/ref-32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.47310\/iarjmsr.2020.V01i01.04","article-title":"Hyperbaric oxygenation-indications and contraindications","volume":"1","author":"Silva","year":"2020","journal-title":"IAR Journal of Medicine and Surgery Research"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.7717\/peerj.21554\/ref-33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2010.07.013","article-title":"Resveratrol prevents oxidative stress and inhibition of Na+ K+-ATPase activity induced by transient global cerebral ischemia in rats","volume":"22","author":"Sim\u00e3o","year":"2011","journal-title":"The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.21554\/ref-34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1186\/1744-9081-8-48","article-title":"Effect of mental fatigue on the central nervous system: an electroencephalography study","volume":"8","author":"Tanaka","year":"2012","journal-title":"Behavioral and Brain Functions"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.7717\/peerj.21554\/ref-35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.4236\/psych.2015.65055","article-title":"EEG-based estimation and classification of mental fatigue","volume":"6","author":"Trejo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychology"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.7717\/peerj.21554\/ref-36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e384","DOI":"10.1038\/emm.2017.194","article-title":"Muscle fatigue: general understanding and treatment","volume":"49","author":"Wan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Experimental & Molecular Medicine"},{"issue":"20","key":"10.7717\/peerj.21554\/ref-37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7377","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17207377","article-title":"Effects of hyperbaric oxygen therapy on inflammation, oxidative\/antioxidant balance, and muscle damage after acute exercise in normobaric, normoxic and hypobaric, hypoxic environments: a pilot study","volume":"17","author":"Woo","year":"2020","journal-title":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"},{"issue":"24","key":"10.7717\/peerj.21554\/ref-38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24309","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2022.3221417","article-title":"Fusing sEMG and EEG to increase the robustness of hand motion recognition using functional connectivity and GCN","volume":"22","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Sensors Journal"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21554\/ref-39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211482-211489","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3039268","article-title":"Long-term cognitive tasks impair the ability of resource allocation in working memory: a study of time-frequency analysis and event-related potentials","volume":"8","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21554\/ref-40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1515\/hukin-2015-0118","article-title":"Central and peripheral fatigue during resistance exercise\u2013a critical review","volume":"49","author":"Zaj\u0105c","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Human Kinetics"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.7717\/peerj.21554\/ref-41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.3390\/jfmk9040238","article-title":"Can perceived exertion and velocity loss serve as indirect indicators of muscle fatigue during explosive back squat exercise?","volume":"9","author":"Zhao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.7717\/peerj.21554\/ref-42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelekin.2010.09.009","article-title":"Evaluation of excise-induced music damage by surface electromyography","volume":"21","author":"Zhou","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.21554\/ref-43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-015-0976-8","article-title":"Hyperbaric oxygen therapy ameliorates acute brain injury after porcine intracerebral hemorrhage at high altitude","volume":"19","author":"Zhu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Critical Care"}],"container-title":["PeerJ"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/21554.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/21554.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/21554.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/21554.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T08:45:24Z","timestamp":1784882724000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/21554"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]]},"references-count":43,"alternative-id":["10.7717\/peerj.21554"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7717\/peerj.21554","archive":["CLOCKSS","LOCKSS","Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2167-8359"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2167-8359","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]]},"article-number":"e21554"}}