{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T09:05:33Z","timestamp":1785229533358,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"PeerJ","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785196800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The single leg squat test (SLST) is commonly used for visual movement assessment in subjects with lower extremity injuries. While current methods utilize ordinal rating categorization, adopting a visual analog scale (VAS) may offer potential advantages. The study aims to determine the intra-rater, inter-rater reliability, and validity of a visual analog scale (VAS) for rating the single leg squat test (SLST) in subjects with lower extremity injuries.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>58 subjects with lower extremity injuries participated. Intra-rater reliability was assessed by a physical therapist at 1-week and 2-week intervals. Single session inter-rater reliability was assessed by two physical therapists. A 10 cm VAS was used to measure trunk lateral flexion, hip adduction, and dynamic knee valgus during the SLST. Intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC) assessed intra-rater and inter-rater reliability. Validity was assessed by comparing VAS scores to 2-D kinematic analysis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Intra-rater reliability was good at both 1 week (ICC = 0.81\u20130.92, MDC = 1.2\u20132.2 cm) and 2 weeks (ICC = 0.77\u20130.79, MDC = 2.7\u20133 cm). Inter-rater reliability was good to excellent (ICC = 0.78\u20130.93, MDD = 1\u20132.6 cm). The correlation between visual assessment and 2-D kinematic analysis was moderate to good (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.66\u20130.78).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Preliminary data indicate that VAS reliably and validly rates SLST in individuals with lower-extremity injuries, allowing calculation of minimal detectable change and minimal detectable difference to support clinical interpretation. The MDC and MDD values established for trunk lateral flexion, hip adduction, and dynamic knee valgus allows clinicians to objectively determine if scores between repeated measurement and two raters are different.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.21600","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T08:51:49Z","timestamp":1785228709000},"page":"e21600","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The reliability and validity of a visual analog scale for rating the single leg squat test"],"prefix":"10.7717","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Yongni","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Duquesne-China Health Institute, Rangos School of Health Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh,  PA, United States of America"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yifan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Duquesne-China Health Institute, Rangos School of Health Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh,  PA, United States of America"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinwei","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Therapy, Shanghai Yangzhi Rehabilitation Hospital (Shanghai Sunshine Rehabilitation Center), School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher R.","family":"Carcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology, Colorado Mesa University, Colorado, United States of America"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"RobRoy L.","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physical Therapy, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America"},{"name":"UPMC Center for Sports Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhicheng","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bone and Joint Rehabilitation Center, Shanghai Yangzhi Rehabilitation Hospital (Shanghai Sunshine Rehabilitation Center), School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"4443","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21600\/ref-1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2474-11-265","article-title":"Validity and inter-rater reliability of medio-lateral knee motion observed during a single-limb mini squat","volume":"11","author":"Ageberg","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21600\/ref-2","first-page":"371","article-title":"The Lower Extremity Functional Scale (LEFS): scale development, measurement properties, and clinical application. 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