{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T08:57:27Z","timestamp":1790672247232,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"PeerJ","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790640000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Fundaci\u00f3n EcoCiencia Ecuador"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    We describe two new species of arboreal ants of the genus\n                    <jats:italic>Cephalotes<\/jats:italic>\n                    Latreille, 1802, from Ecuador:\n                    <jats:italic>Cephalotes esthelae<\/jats:italic>\n                    Ilguan &amp; Troya,\n                    <jats:bold>sp. nov.<\/jats:bold>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Cephalotes sacha<\/jats:italic>\n                    Yumbay &amp; Troya,\n                    <jats:bold>sp. nov.<\/jats:bold>\n                    The former, a member of the\n                    <jats:italic>pinelii<\/jats:italic>\n                    +\n                    <jats:italic>grandinosus<\/jats:italic>\n                    -group, was collected from lowland Choc\u00f3 and Amazonian forests, while the latter, belonging to the\n                    <jats:italic>atratus<\/jats:italic>\n                    -group, is an inhabitant of the Amazonian region. Diagnoses and detailed morphological descriptions of workers and soldiers are provided, illustrated by high-resolution images. Species identification was further corroborated with mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase (CO1) sequences, which confirmed their distinctiveness from morphologically similar congeners. Both species exhibit unique combinations of mesosomal and gastric characters. In addition, we provide the first description of the soldier of the rarely collected\n                    <jats:italic>C. dentidorsum<\/jats:italic>\n                    De Andrade, 1999. These discoveries expand the known diversity of the genus in Ecuador to 33 species, highlighting this region\u2019s role as a hotspot for Neotropical myrmecofauna. A fully illustrated key and checklist of all\n                    <jats:italic>Cephalotes<\/jats:italic>\n                    species known from Ecuador is also presented. The new taxa occur in well-preserved but increasingly threatened forests, ecosystems subject to high rates of deforestation and mining activity, potentially endangering their populations. The integration of molecular and morphological evidence provides a robust framework for delimiting species such as in this morphologically complex and species-diverse genus. We highlight the need for further exploration in understudied regions such as the Choc\u00f3 and Andean\u2013Amazonian foothills. Continued morphology- and DNA-based research will be crucial to elucidate phylogenetic relationships, assess biogeographic barriers such as the Andes, and inform conservation strategies for Ecuador\u2019s arboreal ant fauna.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.21610","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T08:00:36Z","timestamp":1790668836000},"page":"e21610","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Guardians of the canopy: two new turtle ant species (Hymenoptera: Formicidae:\n                    <i>Cephalotes<\/i>\n                    ), from Ecuador\u2019s Choc\u00f3 and Amazonia, revealed by morphology and DNA barcoding"],"prefix":"10.7717","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Adrian","family":"Troya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biolog\u00eda, Escuela Polit\u00e9cnica Nacional, Quito, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akayky","family":"Yumbay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biolog\u00eda, Escuela Polit\u00e9cnica Nacional, Quito, Ecuador"},{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elian","family":"Ilguan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biolog\u00eda, Escuela Polit\u00e9cnica Nacional, Quito, Ecuador"},{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5270-2096","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Alex","family":"Pazmi\u00f1o-Palomino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Museo de Entomolog\u00eda, Facultad de Recursos Naturales, Escuela Polit\u00e9cnica de Chimborazo, Riobamba, Ecuador"},{"name":"Divisi\u00f3n de Entomolog\u00eda, Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad, Quito, Ecuador"},{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amaz\u00f4nia, Manaus, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fernanda","family":"Salazar-Buena\u00f1o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Biodiversidad, Museo QCAZ Invertebrados, Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3408-1457","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"David A.","family":"Donoso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biolog\u00eda, Escuela Polit\u00e9cnica Nacional, Quito, 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