{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T09:02:33Z","timestamp":1790758953709,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"PeerJ","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790726400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Science Foundation","award":["EAR-1633535, DEB 2049627"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EAR-1633535, DEB 2049627"]}]},{"name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration","award":["EXOB08-0089"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EXOB08-0089"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/027ka1x80","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"University of Chicago Data Science Institute","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/024mw5h28","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Smithsonian Institution","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01pp8nd67","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Molecular phylogenetics have clarified high-level evolutionary relationships across the tree of life, but sampling is highly uneven at lower levels, particularly for marine organisms. Here, we synthesize all publicly available Sanger sequencing data for the diverse yet under-sampled marine bivalve superfamily Mactroidea to provide a unified molecular and paleontological framework, and to guide targeted sampling for a more complete understanding of the group\u2019s evolutionary history. We infer two complementary phylogenetic estimates, one using a comprehensive eight-gene alignment that maximizes taxon sampling, and a second high-coverage three-gene alignment that maximizes molecular coverage. Both phylogenies are largely concordant with morphology-based classifications at the genus and subgenus levels, but reveal that the recognized mactroid families with sequence data, as currently described, and the subfamilies of Mactridae are not reciprocally monophyletic. Among the genera, evidence suggests that\n                    <jats:italic>Spisulona<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Taria<\/jats:italic>\n                    , often synonymized to various extant taxa, may be valid genera or subgenera, although further molecular data are needed to confirm these taxonomic implications. Budding-informed time calibration using 18 fossil constraints reveals several conflicts between fossil ages and the inferred molecular topology, likely owing to incomplete fossil and molecular sampling and ambiguity of certain fossil assignments. By tabulating conflicting or missing data, we identify priorities for future molecular sampling, and show that gaps in the molecular data are unevenly distributed geographically, with concentrations in the tropical East Pacific and tropical West Pacific. Combined phylogenetic, biogeographic, and paleontological inventories, supported by voucher-based verification of specimens, can guide targeted sampling to efficiently improve understanding of within-clade relationships and evolutionary dynamics in Mactroidea.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.21681","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T08:24:26Z","timestamp":1790756666000},"page":"e21681","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Synthesis of molecular data on Mactroidea (Bivalvia): phylogenetic implications and open questions"],"prefix":"10.7717","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Ava","family":"Ghezelayagh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of the Geophysical Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America"},{"name":"Data Science Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stewart M.","family":"Edie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, United States of America"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katie S.","family":"Collins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Javier H.","family":"Signorelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Biolog\u00eda de Organismos Marinos (IBIOMAR, CCT CONICET CENPAT), Puerto Madryn,  Chubut, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Jablonski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of the Geophysical Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"4443","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21681\/ref-1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2836(05)80360-2","article-title":"Basic local alignment search tool","volume":"215","author":"Altschul","year":"1990","journal-title":"Journal of Molecular Biology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21681\/ref-2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.50897\/bmfm.51.1_75","article-title":"Speciation, extinction and survival of molluscan species in the marginal sea\u2013Plio-Pleistocene Omma-Manganji fauna in the Japan Sea borderland","volume":"51","author":"Amano","year":"2024","journal-title":"Bulletin of the Mizunami Fossil Museum"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21681\/ref-3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.50826\/bnmnspaleoanthro.51.0_11","article-title":"Crassatellid and mactrid Bivalves from the Lower Miocene Kurosedani Formation in Toyama City, Toyama Prefecture, central Japan","volume":"51","author":"Amano","year":"2026","journal-title":"Bulletin of the National Museum of Nature and Science Series D (Paleontology and Anthropology)"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21681\/ref-4","first-page":"15","article-title":"\u00c9tude stratigraphique et pal\u00e9ontologique du Cr\u00e9tac\u00e9 sup\u00e9rieur et Pal\u00e9oc\u00e8ne du Tinrhert-W et Tademait-E (Sahara alg\u00e9rien)","volume":"6","author":"Amard","year":"1981","journal-title":"Documents des Laboratoires de G\u00e9ologie de la Facult\u00e9 des Sciences de Lyon, Hors S\u00e9rie"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21681\/ref-5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7998.1997.tb05496.x","article-title":"The functional morphology of Mactrinula reevesii (Bivalvia: Mactroidea) in Hong Kong: Adaptations for a deposit-feeding lifestyle","volume":"241","author":"Barnes","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of Zoology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21681\/ref-6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"zlaf159","DOI":"10.1093\/zoolinnean\/zlaf159","article-title":"Ultraconserved element-based phylogenomics and siphonal traits illuminate the evolution of tellinoidean clams (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Tellinoidea)","volume":"205","author":"Batist\u00e3o","year":"2025","journal-title":"Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21681\/ref-7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.3390\/life8020020","article-title":"Phylotar: an automated pipeline for retrieving orthologous DNA sequences from GenBank in R","volume":"8","author":"Bennett","year":"2018","journal-title":"Life"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21681\/ref-8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1080\/03014223.2004.9517766","article-title":"Marine Mollusca of oxygen isotope stages of the last 2 million years in New Zealand. 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