{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T08:57:15Z","timestamp":1790845035922,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":175,"publisher":"PeerJ","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Strategic Networks and Initiatives Program"},{"name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior \u2013Brasil","award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00x0ma614","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"S\u00e3o Paulo Research Foundation","award":["2022\/15636-7"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022\/15636-7"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02ddkpn78","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"S\u00e3o Paulo Research Foundation","award":["2019\/0915-6"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019\/0915-6"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02ddkpn78","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Foundation for Conservation, Food, and Health project"},{"name":"Mapping Native Bee Distributions in Colombia"},{"name":"Biogeography Drives Biodiversity Sustainability"},{"name":"Fulbright US Scholar Program, National Science Foundation Awards","award":["OISE-1952470"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OISE-1952470"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/021nxhr62","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Fulbright US Scholar Program, National Science Foundation Awards","award":["OISE-2420254"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OISE-2420254"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/021nxhr62","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"The Lorenzo L. Langstroth Endowment, Pennsylvania State University","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04p491231","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Most existing knowledge about bee biodiversity comes from temperate regions, where diversity is presumed highest\u2014yet substantial data gaps across the tropics confound this pattern. Checklists are critical for documenting species presence, identifying knowledge gaps, and guiding conservation. We present the first comprehensive bee checklist for Colombia, a country in tropical northern South America that serves as a key biogeographic bridge between Central and South America. We hypothesize that Colombia\u2019s complex topography, its position at the intersection of multiple biogeographic regions, and its partial Gondwanan origin contribute to exceptionally high bee diversity and endemism.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We built a network of local entomological collections to compile specimen data (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a062,158), combined with occurrence records from public datasets (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a025,520) and species records reported in the taxonomic literature (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a0297). Our objectives were to: (1) synthesize the first bee species checklist for Colombia and their genus-level biological traits (ecoregional distribution, nesting habitat, sociality), (2) characterize diversity patterns at the department level using species richness, Shannon index, and weighted endemism, (3) estimate undescribed species via rarefaction curves, and (4) compare species richness and phylogenetic diversity (Faith\u2019s phylogenetic diversity, mean pairwise distance (MPD), mean nearest taxon distance (MNTD) and standardized effect sizes of MPD and MNTD) with countries of Gondwanan origin (Brazil, Chile)\n                      <jats:italic>versus<\/jats:italic>\n                      those in the Holarctic region (USA).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We report 738 species across 123 genera and five families, including 246 new country records and 140 endemic species (19% of total fauna). Sampling effort was highly uneven: 41% of the records were concentrated in the Andean region, while xeric areas\u2014where highest diversity is expected\u2014remain critically undersampled. Species in the family Apidae dominated assemblages (69%), and the Andes ecoregion held the highest richness and endemism. Biological traits across the 738 species showed that solitary (57%) and above-ground nesting (57%) strategies predominate. Accumulation curves suggested that \u223c26% of the bee fauna remains undescribed or unreported. Phylogenetic analyses did not support the hypothesis of higher diversity in Colombia relative to other countries of Gondwanan or Holarctic origin. We also found weak support for the relationship between species richness and geographic area across countries.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study provides essential baseline knowledge for ecological, taxonomic, and conservation research of Neotropical bees. Geographic sampling biases highlight urgent needs for surveys in undersampled regions, especially xeric ecosystems. The multi-institutional network developed here demonstrates the value of collaborative frameworks for biodiversity documentation in megadiverse tropical regions and lays the foundation for long-term pollinator monitoring and conservation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.21684","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T08:07:53Z","timestamp":1790842073000},"page":"e21684","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The first annotated checklist of the bees of Colombia reveals an overlooked diversity and areas with major data deficiencies"],"prefix":"10.7717","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Ruben D.","family":"Mart\u00edn-Rojas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States of America"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diego A.","family":"Guevara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ci\u00eancias e Letras de Ribeir\u00e3o Preto, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, Ribeir\u00e3o Preto, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan Diego","family":"Maldonado Cepeda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Abejas Silvestres LABUN, Departamento de Biolog\u00eda, Universidad Nacional de Colombia,  Bogot\u00e1, Cundinamarca, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicol\u00e1s David","family":"Guti\u00e9rrez Rubiano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Abejas Silvestres LABUN, Departamento de Biolog\u00eda, Universidad Nacional de Colombia,  Bogot\u00e1, Cundinamarca, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danny","family":"V\u00e9lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de Ecosistemas y Recursos Naturales, Instituto Amaz\u00f3nico de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas SINCHI, Bogot\u00e1 D.C, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victor H.","family":"Gonzalez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Undergraduate Biology Program, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States of America"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rodulfo","family":"Ospina-Torres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Abejas Silvestres LABUN, Departamento de Biolog\u00eda, Universidad Nacional de Colombia,  Bogot\u00e1, Cundinamarca, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neil S.","family":"Cobb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biodiversity Outreach Network, Flagstaff, AZ, United States of America"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M Lucia","family":"Aguilar-Benavides","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo Biodiversidad y Ecologia de Abejas Silvestres (BEAS), Facultad de Ciencias B\u00e1sicas y Aplicadas, Universidad Militar Nueva Granada, Cajic\u00e1, Cundinamarca, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eduardo A.B.","family":"Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ci\u00eancias e Letras de Ribeir\u00e3o Preto, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, Ribeir\u00e3o Preto, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juli\u00e1n","family":"\u00c1lvarez Romero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Semillero SEIRPA, Grupo de Sistem\u00e1tica Molecular, Laboratorio de Entomolog\u00eda, Departamento de Biolog\u00eda, Pontifica Universidad Javeriana, Bogot\u00e1, Cundinamarca, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda Jos\u00e9","family":"Arenas-Herrera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Museo Entomol\u00f3gico Francisco Luis Gallego, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Colombia,  Medell\u00edn, Antioquia, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jose Luis","family":"Benavides-Lopez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogot\u00e1, Cundinamarca, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. Argenis","family":"Bonilla-G\u00f3mez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de investigaci\u00f3n Biolog\u00eda de Organismos Tropicales-BIOTUN, Departamento de Biolog\u00eda, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogot\u00e1, Cundinamarca, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nelson A.","family":"Canal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda Agron\u00f3mica, Universidad del Tolima, Ibagu\u00e9, Tolima, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nancy S.","family":"Carrejo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Museo de Entomolog\u00eda de la Universidad del Valle, Departamento de Biolog\u00eda, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Valle del Cauca, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cindy J.","family":"Celis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Paran\u00e1, Curitiba, Parana, Brazil"},{"name":"\u00c1rea de Entomologia, Museu de Hist\u00f3ria Natural Cap\u00e3o da Imbuia, Curitiba, Parana, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan Camilo","family":"Dorado-Suarez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogot\u00e1, Cundinamarca, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanny","family":"Fagua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Semillero SEIRPA, Grupo de Sistem\u00e1tica Molecular, Laboratorio de Entomolog\u00eda, Departamento de Biolog\u00eda, Pontifica Universidad Javeriana, Bogot\u00e1, Cundinamarca, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Delly Roc\u00edo","family":"Garc\u00eda-C\u00e1rdenas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de Biolog\u00eda, Universidad del Quind\u00edo, Armenia, Quind\u00edo, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victor Alfonso","family":"Garc\u00eda-Moya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mestrando em Ecologia e Recursos Naturais, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro,  Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil"},{"name":"Departamento de Biolog\u00eda, Museo de Historia Natural, Universidad del Cauca, Popay\u00e1n, Cauca, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dario","family":"Guevara-Plata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo Biodiversidad y Ecologia de Abejas Silvestres (BEAS), Facultad de Ciencias B\u00e1sicas y Aplicadas, Universidad Militar Nueva Granada, Cajic\u00e1, Cundinamarca, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fernando","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogot\u00e1, Cundinamarca, 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de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Colombia,  Medell\u00edn, Antioquia, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mario Alejandro","family":"Mar\u00edn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Museo Entomol\u00f3gico Francisco Luis Gallego, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Colombia,  Medell\u00edn, Antioquia, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriel R.","family":"Navas-S","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de Biolog\u00eda, Universidad de Cartagena, Cartagena, Bol\u00edvar, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jhon C\u00e9sar","family":"Neita Moreno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Colecciones de Entomolog\u00eda e Invertebrados - Centro de Colecciones y Gesti\u00f3n de Especies, Direcci\u00f3n de Conocimiento, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n de Recursos Biol\u00f3gicos Alexander von Humboldt, Villa de Leyva, Boyaca, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Santiago R.","family":"Ram\u00edrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis, CA, United States of America"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Cristina","family":"Gallego Ropero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biolog\u00eda, Museo de Historia Natural, Universidad del Cauca, Popay\u00e1n, Cauca, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mateo","family":"Restrepo-R\u00faa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo Bioforense, Facultad de derecho y ciencias forenses, Coleccion entomologica, Tecnol\u00f3gico de Antioquia institucion Universitaria, Medell\u00edn, Antioquia, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luis F.","family":"S\u00e1nchez-Alvar\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Colecci\u00f3n de Insectos, Universidad del Quindio, Armenia, Quind\u00edo, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonella","family":"Sardi-Saavedra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ciencias Agr\u00edcola, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Palimara, Valle del Cauca,  Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valentina","family":"Sarria-Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Museo de Entomolog\u00eda de la Universidad del Valle, Departamento de Biolog\u00eda, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Valle del Cauca, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paula Andrea","family":"Sep\u00falveda Cano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad del Magdalena, Santa Marta, Magdalena, 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A.","family":"V\u00e1squez-Lenis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Red de Diversidad Biol\u00f3gica del Occidente Mexicano, Centro Regional del Baj\u00edo, Instituto de Ecolog\u00eda A.C, P\u00e1tzcuaro, Michoac\u00e1n, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda C.","family":"V\u00e9lez Naranjo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Colecciones Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidad CES, Medell\u00edn, Antioquia, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erika Valentina","family":"Vergara-Navarro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Colecci\u00f3n Taxon\u00f3mica Nacional de Insectos \u201cLuis Mar\u00eda Murillo\u201d (CTNI), Corporacion Colombiana de Investigac\u00edon Agropecuaria (Agrosavia), Tibaitat\u00e1, Cundinamarca, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Wolff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de 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