{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T08:46:58Z","timestamp":1791881218634,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"PeerJ","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791849600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Coronary artery disease (CAD) combined with diabetes mellitus (DM) significantly increases the risk of vascular restenosis following percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Despite advancements in stent technology, restenosis remains a concern, especially in diabetic patients. This study aims to predict restenosis risk using serum metabolites and risk factors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A retrospective analysis was conducted on 272 CAD and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients who underwent PCI between January 2020 and June 2023. Based on one-year angiographic follow-up, patients were divided into restenosis (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a0121) and non-restenosis groups (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a0151). Serum metabolites and biomarkers, including glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1 (TNF-\u03b1), and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), were evaluated, together with procedure-related characteristics (including stent type and post-procedural percentage diameter stenosis) and medication use (including calcium antagonists). Logistic regression and correlation analysis identified significant predictors, and a nomogram prediction model was developed and internally validated using bootstrap resampling.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Lower HbA1c levels were associated with restenosis (rho = \u22120.142,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.008; OR = 0.767, 95% CI [0.625\u20130.941]). Higher levels of IGF-I (rho = 0.328,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001; OR = 1.053, 95% CI [1.032\u20131.075]), LDL-C (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.135,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.025; OR = 1.682, 95% CI [1.107\u20132.555]), TNF-\u03b1 (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.172,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.004; OR = 1.434, 95% CI [1.119\u20131.838]), and hsCRP (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.179,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.003; OR = 1.786, 95% CI [1.185\u20132.693]) were also significantly associated. Non-drug-eluting stents (DES) and higher percentage diameter stenosis (%DS) increased restenosis risk. Calcium antagonists use was negatively correlated with restenosis (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a0\u00a0\u2212\u00a00.185,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.002; OR = 0.449, 95% CI [0.228\u20130.884]). The nomogram model demonstrated good discrimination for restenosis (apparent AUC = 0.833; bootstrap-corrected AUC = 0.808).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study identified key predictive factors for post-PCI restenosis in CAD patients with DM through case-control analysis. The nomogram model showed good discrimination on internal bootstrap validation. Pending external validation, it may provide a useful exploratory tool to support risk stratification and inform management aimed at reducing the restenosis burden in high-risk cardiovascular populations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.21697","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T08:00:22Z","timestamp":1791878422000},"page":"e21697","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Nomogram for predicting post-percutaneous coronary intervention restenosis in patients with coronary artery disease and diabetes: a retrospective study"],"prefix":"10.7717","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Ping","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Coronary Artery Disease (CCAD), Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Disease, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongyu","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Coronary Artery Disease (CCAD), Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Disease, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qian","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Coronary Artery Disease (CCAD), Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Disease, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuan","family":"Shan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Coronary Artery Disease (CCAD), Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Disease, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ning","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Coronary Artery Disease (CCAD), Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Disease, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"4443","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]]},"reference":[{"issue":"19","key":"10.7717\/peerj.21697\/ref-1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e779-e806","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000766","article-title":"Clinical management of stable coronary artery disease in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association","volume":"141","author":"Arnold","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"25","key":"10.7717\/peerj.21697\/ref-2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1933","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.123.064473","article-title":"Defining strategies of modulation of antiplatelet therapy in patients with coronary artery disease: a consensus document from the academic research consortium","volume":"147","author":"Capodanno","year":"2023","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.21697\/ref-3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5129","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-09059-2","article-title":"Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors reduced long-term cardiovascular risk in diabetic patients after percutaneous coronary intervention via insulin-like growth factor-1 axis","volume":"12","author":"Chikata","year":"2022","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.21697\/ref-4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1186\/s43044-020-00101-0","article-title":"Prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus and association of HbA1c with severity of coronary artery disease in patients presenting as non-diabetic acute coronary syndrome","volume":"72","author":"Dar","year":"2020","journal-title":"The Egyptian Heart Journal"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.7717\/peerj.21697\/ref-5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0044-1786758","article-title":"Cardiac surgery 2023 reviewed","volume":"72","author":"Doenst","year":"2024","journal-title":"The Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgeon"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.21697\/ref-6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S19","DOI":"10.2337\/dc23-S002","article-title":"2. 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