{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T09:01:26Z","timestamp":1790672486752,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"PeerJ","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790640000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"AYE Exocure"},{"name":"KOBAY Experimental Animals Laboratory"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by amyloid-beta 1\u201342 (A\u03b2\n                      <jats:sub>1\u201342<\/jats:sub>\n                      ) accumulation, tau pathology, and metabolic dysfunction. This exploratory study evaluated the effects of coffee-derived exosome-like nanoparticles (CELNs) on selected metabolic and histopathological endpoints in a fibrillar A\u03b2\n                      <jats:sub>1\u201342<\/jats:sub>\n                      -induced neurodegenerative rat model.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Fifty male\n                      <jats:italic>Sprague\u2013Dawley<\/jats:italic>\n                      rats were randomly divided into five groups (\n                      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 10 each): Control (C), sham (SF), a fibrillar A\u03b2\n                      <jats:sub>1\u201342<\/jats:sub>\n                      -induced neurodegenerative rat model (AD), AD treated with a low dose of CELNs (AD + LE, 10 mg\/kg\/day), and AD treated with a high dose of CELNs (AD + HE, 20 mg\/kg\/day) for 14 days. CELNs were quantified and characterized using the bicinchoninic acid method, scanning electron microscopy, and nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA). Micro-positron emission tomography\/computed tomography fluorodeoxyglucose (MicroPET\/CT FDG) imaging of the central nervous system was performed in all groups at the end of treatment. Subsequently, all animals were sacrificed, and hippocampal tissues were subjected to histopathological analysis.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>MicroPET imaging demonstrated a significant, dose-dependent increase in cerebral glucose metabolism in AD rats treated with CELNs compared with the untreated AD group. Histopathological evaluations were consistent with the imaging data: in AD groups receiving CELNs, phospho-tau and beta-amyloid precursor protein expression were significantly reduced in the hippocampal cornu ammonis 2 (CA2) and dentate gyrus regions compared with the untreated AD group.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In this exploratory fibrillar A\u03b2\n                      <jats:sub>1\u201342<\/jats:sub>\n                      -induced neurodegenerative rat model, oral CELN administration was associated with dose-dependent partial improvements in cerebral glucose metabolism and region-specific reductions in hippocampal phosphorylated tau (p-Tau) and amyloid precursor protein (APP) immunoreactivity. However, these are preliminary biomarker-level findings that support further investigation of CELNs; definitive confirmation of functional and cognitive benefits requires additional behavioral, biodistribution, and experimental validation.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.21739","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T08:13:48Z","timestamp":1790669628000},"page":"e21739","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Exploratory effects of coffee-derived exosome-like nanoparticles in a fibrillar amyloid-beta 1\u201342-induced neurodegenerative rat model: evidence from fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography and phosphorylated tau\/amyloid precursor protein expression"],"prefix":"10.7717","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4909-2669","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yusuf","family":"Kucukbagriacik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biophysics, Gulhane Medical Faculty, University of Health Sciences, Ankara, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gulistan Sanem","family":"Saribas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Histology and Embryology, Gulhane Medical Faculty, University of Health Sciences, Ankara, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kahraman","family":"Ates","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biophysics, Gulhane Medical Faculty, University of Health Sciences, Ankara, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cenan","family":"Ozturk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eren","family":"Kahyaoglu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Nevsehir Hac\u0131 Bekta\u015f Veli University, Nevsehir, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sezen","family":"Kislal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts and Science, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-0262-2246","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"C. 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