{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T09:02:57Z","timestamp":1790672577530,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"PeerJ","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790640000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Beijing Sport University Graduate Innovation Research Project","award":["2025044"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025044"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03w0k0x36","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:p>Stroboscopic Visual Training (SVT) is an emerging intervention that periodically occludes visual input and creates a temporally constrained visual environment during perceptual or sport-specific tasks. This structured narrative review synthesizes current evidence on the effects of SVT on perceptual-cognitive function and sport performance and discusses its potential neurophysiological mechanisms. The available evidence suggests that, under restricted visual-input conditions, SVT may facilitate more efficient use of task-relevant visual information and may support anticipatory decision-making, visual short-term memory, and perception\u2013action coupling. These effects appear more likely to occur in tasks requiring rapid reactions, precise judgments, and the processing of high-speed dynamic information, although the magnitude and transferability of these effects remain task-specific and inconsistent across studies. Preliminary neurophysiological evidence indicates that SVT has been associated with changes in event-related potential components, including N2 latency in motion-sensitive visual areas and P100 latency in the primary visual cortex. However, these findings should be interpreted cautiously because the current mechanistic evidence is limited, often based on small samples, and relies mainly on indirect neurophysiological measures. Although SVT is a controllable training approach that can be embedded within sport-specific practice, its ecological transfer to real competitive performance and its long-term effectiveness remain insufficiently established. Future research should focus on establishing dose\u2013response models for SVT parameters, applying multimodal neurophysiological methods, improving methodological quality through active control conditions and follow-up assessments, and systematically examining task transfer and long-term retention to support more precise and evidence-informed applications of SVT in sport.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.21740","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T08:20:22Z","timestamp":1790670022000},"page":"e21740","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Stroboscopic visual training in sport: a structured narrative review of effects, applications, and potential neurophysiological mechanisms"],"prefix":"10.7717","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Qi","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physical Education, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhijie","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sports Coaching College, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruifeng","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physical Education, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junchen","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sports Coaching College, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hu","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physical Education, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"4443","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]]},"reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"10.7717\/peerj.21740\/ref-1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1681","DOI":"10.3758\/s13414-012-0344-6","article-title":"Stroboscopic visual training improves information encoding in short-term memory","volume":"74","author":"Appelbaum","year":"2012","journal-title":"Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.21740\/ref-2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1080\/1750984x.2016.1266376","article-title":"Sports vision training: a review of the state-of-the-art in digital training techniques","volume":"11","author":"Appelbaum","year":"2018","journal-title":"International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.7717\/peerj.21740\/ref-3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.3928\/19425864-20160314-01","article-title":"The effects of sports vision training on sensorimotor abilities in collegiate softball athletes","volume":"8","author":"Appelbaum","year":"2016","journal-title":"Athletic Training & Sports Health Care"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21740\/ref-4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2011.00276","article-title":"Improved visual cognition through stroboscopic training","volume":"2","author":"Appelbaum","year":"2011","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.7717\/peerj.21740\/ref-5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1773","DOI":"10.1007\/s11332-025-01406-w","article-title":"Effect of 1 h of training with action video game or stroboscopic goggles on visuocognitive skills related to sports performance","volume":"21","author":"Argil\u00e9s","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sport Sciences for Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.21740\/ref-6","first-page":"178","article-title":"Effects of stroboscopic visual training on visual-motor performance in elite volleyball players: a case study of EST Tajenanet","volume":"12","author":"Azzem","year":"2026","journal-title":"The Sankalpa: International Journal of Management Decisions"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21740\/ref-7","article-title":"Visual evoked potential","volume-title":"StatPearls","author":"Baiano","year":"2022"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.21740\/ref-8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17898","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-18092-5","article-title":"Stroboscopic vision and sustained attention during coincidence-anticipation","volume":"7","author":"Ballester","year":"2017","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.7717\/peerj.21740\/ref-9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1080\/24733938.2020.1862420","article-title":"The effect of stroboscopic vision on performance in a football specific assessment","volume":"5","author":"Beavan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science and Medicine in Football"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.7717\/peerj.21740\/ref-10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1177\/00315125251382784","article-title":"Between-day reliability of visuomotor response times under stroboscopic conditions varying in difficulty","volume":"133","author":"B\u00fcchel","year":"2025","journal-title":"Perceptual and Motor Skills"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.7717\/peerj.21740\/ref-11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.3390\/jfmk9020092","article-title":"Role of sport vision in performance: systematic review","volume":"9","author":"Buscemi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.7717\/peerj.21740\/ref-12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.7575\/aiac.ijkss.v.9n.4p.49","article-title":"Stroboscopic visual training for coaching practitioners: a comprehensive literature review","volume":"9","author":"Carrolla","year":"2021","journal-title":"International Journal of Kinesiology and Sports Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.21740\/ref-13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1177\/0031512516681342","article-title":"Perceptual and motor performance of combat-sport athletes differs according to specific demands of the discipline","volume":"124","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Perceptual and Motor Skills"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21740\/ref-14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1026006","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.1026006","article-title":"Study on the eye movement characteristics of the badminton practitioners of different levels regarding visual attention","volume":"13","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.21740\/ref-15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e29109","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0029109","article-title":"High-performance vision training improves batting statistics for University of Cincinnati baseball players","volume":"7","author":"Clark","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.7717\/peerj.21740\/ref-16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychsport.2022.102335","article-title":"Brain dynamics of visual anticipation during spatial occlusion tasks in expert tennis players","volume":"65","author":"Costa","year":"2023","journal-title":"Psychology of Sport and Exercise"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.7717\/peerj.21740\/ref-17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0000335","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pdig.0000335","article-title":"Stroboscopic visual training: the potential for clinical application in neurological populations","volume":"2","author":"Das","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLOS Digital Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.21740\/ref-18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.9741\/2766-2187.1106","article-title":"Case study: effect of stroboscopic vision training during a softball season","volume":"6","author":"Dendy","year":"2025","journal-title":"Topics in Exercise Science and Kinesiology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21740\/ref-19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.3389\/fnsys.2014.00243","article-title":"How to build better memory training games","volume":"8","author":"Deveau","year":"2015","journal-title":"Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21740\/ref-20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1186\/s13102-025-01459-x","article-title":"The effects of stroboscopic vision training on physical performance in athletes: a systematic review","volume":"18","author":"Dingirdan Gultekinler","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.21740\/ref-21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1186\/s13102-026-01748-z","article-title":"Integrating stroboscopic visual perturbation into a neuromuscular warm-up in adolescent male basketball players: effects on cognitive function, physical performance, and postural stability\u2014a randomized controlled trial","volume":"18","author":"Dingirdan Gultekinler","year":"2026","journal-title":"BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21740\/ref-22","article-title":"The effect of stroboscopic training on the ability to catch and field. Dissertation. Arizona State University","author":"Edgerton","year":"2018"},{"issue":"S1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.21740\/ref-23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.53730\/ijhs.v8ns1.14850","article-title":"The effect of a stroboscopy visual training with Senaptec glasses on reaction speed and ball control technique among goalkeepers for the U13 years old","volume":"8","author":"Elhachemi","year":"2024","journal-title":"International Journal of Health Sciences"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.7717\/peerj.21740\/ref-24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1007\/s11332-019-00615-4","article-title":"The effect of stroboscopic visual training on eye\u2013hand coordination","volume":"16","author":"Ellison","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sport Sciences for Health"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21740\/ref-25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1080\/23279095.2023.2243358","article-title":"Repeated stroboscopic vision training improves anticipation skill without changing perceptual-cognitive skills in soccer players","volume":"32","author":"Fortes","year":"2023","journal-title":"Applied Neuropsychology: Adult"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.7717\/peerj.21740\/ref-26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2717","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-024-02060-x","article-title":"There is no supporting evidence for a far transfer of general perceptual or cognitive training to sports performance","volume":"54","author":"Fransen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sports Medicine"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.7717\/peerj.21740\/ref-27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1123\/mc.2015-0059","article-title":"The influence of restricted visual feedback on dribbling performance in youth soccer players","volume":"21","author":"Fransen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Motor Control"},{"issue":"SP1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.21740\/ref-28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.22374\/jspv.v6iSP1.13","article-title":"Stroboscopic vision training: a historic perspective","volume":"6","author":"Fuerst","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Sports and Performance Vision"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21740\/ref-29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1476649","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2024.1476649","article-title":"Impact of sports vision training on visuomotor skills and shooting performance in elite skeet shooters","volume":"18","author":"Guo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Frontiers in Human Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21740\/ref-30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1705693","DOI":"10.3389\/fspor.2025.1705693","article-title":"Stroboscopic training effects on athletic performance and cognitive function across populations, purposes, and skill types: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"7","author":"Guo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Frontiers in Sports and Active Living"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21740\/ref-31","volume-title":"How do Kawhi Leonard\u2014and Steph Curry\u2014train their brains? Strobe lights (yes, really)","author":"Haberstroh","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21740\/ref-32","volume-title":"Guyton and Hall textbook of medical physiology E-Book","author":"Hall","year":"2020"},{"issue":"24","key":"10.7717\/peerj.21740\/ref-33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8107","DOI":"10.1523\/jneurosci.1462-12.2012","article-title":"What visual information is processed in the human dorsal stream?","volume":"32","author":"Hebart","year":"2012","journal-title":"The Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21740\/ref-34","article-title":"Effect of stroboscopic vision training on dynamic visual acuity scores: Nike Vapor Strobe\u00ae Eyewear. All Graduate Plan B and Other Reports, paper 262","author":"Holliday","year":"2013"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.21740\/ref-35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.14239","article-title":"Stroboscopic vision prolongs visual motion perception in the central nervous system","volume":"33","author":"H\u00fclsd\u00fcnker","year":"2023","journal-title":"Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.7717\/peerj.21740\/ref-36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"960","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000002541","article-title":"Short-and long-term stroboscopic training effects on visuomotor performance in elite youth sports. Part 1: reaction and behavior","volume":"53","author":"H\u00fclsd\u00fcnker","year":"2021a","journal-title":"Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.7717\/peerj.21740\/ref-37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1249\/mss.0000000000002543","article-title":"Short-and long-term stroboscopic training effects on visuomotor performance in elite youth sports. Part 2: brain-behavior mechanisms","volume":"53","author":"H\u00fclsd\u00fcnker","year":"2021b","journal-title":"Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.7717\/peerj.21740\/ref-38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.55860\/vm1j3k88","article-title":"Effect of stroboscopic visual training in athletes: a systematic review","volume":"20","author":"Jothi","year":"2025a","journal-title":"Journal of Human Sport and Exercise"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.21740\/ref-39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1018","DOI":"10.4102\/aveh.v84i1.1018","article-title":"A profile of Senaptec Strobe on functional balance in football players","volume":"84","author":"Jothi","year":"2025b","journal-title":"African Vision and Eye Health"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21740\/ref-40","volume-title":"Principles of neural science","author":"Kandel","year":"2000","edition":"4"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.7717\/peerj.21740\/ref-41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.1080\/14763141.2020.1773917","article-title":"Effect of stroboscopic vision on depth jump performance in female NCAA Division I volleyball athletes","volume":"22","author":"Kroll","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sports Biomechanics"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21740\/ref-42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1750065","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1750065","article-title":"The effects of stroboscopic visual training on coordination, change-of-direction, and decision-making performance in collegiate basketball players","volume":"17","author":"Li","year":"2026","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.21740\/ref-43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31730","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-82685-0","article-title":"The effect of stroboscopic vision training on the performance of elite curling athletes","volume":"14","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.7717\/peerj.21740\/ref-44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101759","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychsport.2020.101759","article-title":"Dynamic vision training transfers positively to batting practice performance among collegiate baseball batters","volume":"51","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychology of Sport and Exercise"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.21740\/ref-45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.16237\/j.cnki.cn44-1404\/g8.2017.01.008","article-title":"Visual memory characteristics and processing strategies of orienteering athletes in different task contexts","volume":"24","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Physical Education"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.7717\/peerj.21740\/ref-46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.62.4.9","article-title":"Ocular dominance and functional asymmetry in visual attention networks","volume":"62","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.21740\/ref-47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1080\/1750984x.2024.2437385","article-title":"Training vision in athletes to improve sports performance: a systematic review of the literature","volume":"2","author":"Lochhead","year":"2024","journal-title":"International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.21740\/ref-48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1186\/s13102-025-01255-7","article-title":"Effects of balance training combined with stroboscopic visual training on balance ability in college-aged male soccer players","volume":"17","author":"Lu","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21740\/ref-49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25151","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-10393-4","article-title":"Effects of stroboscopic visual training on reaction time and movement accuracy in collegiate athletes: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"15","author":"Luo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.7717\/peerj.21740\/ref-50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.3928\/19425864-20131030-02","article-title":"Enhancing ice hockey skills through stroboscopic visual training: a pilot study","volume":"5","author":"Mitroff","year":"2013","journal-title":"Athletic Training & Sports Health Care"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.7717\/peerj.21740\/ref-51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.20338\/bjmb.v16i3.310","article-title":"An exploratory study on the effect of a four-week stroboscopic vision training program on soccer dribbling performance","volume":"16","author":"Palmer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brazilian Journal of Motor Behavior"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.7717\/peerj.21740\/ref-52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-014-0287-2","article-title":"The science of badminton: game characteristics, anthropometry, physiology, visual fitness and biomechanics","volume":"45","author":"Phomsoupha","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sports Medicine"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21740\/ref-53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"732303","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2021.732303","article-title":"Which comes first in sports vision training: the software or the hardware update? Utility of electrophysiological measures in monitoring specialized visual training in youth athletes","volume":"15","author":"Poltavski","year":"2021","journal-title":"Frontiers in Human Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21740\/ref-54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1708783","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2025.1708783","article-title":"The effects of stroboscopic visual training on human cognitive function and motor performance: a systematic review","volume":"16","author":"Ren","year":"2025","journal-title":"Frontiers in Physiology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21740\/ref-55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.25609\/sure.v3.2552","article-title":"Effect of stroboscopic training on the groundstroke in skilled youth tennis players","volume":"3","author":"Schootemeijer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Student Undergraduate Research E-journal!"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.7717\/peerj.21740\/ref-56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.70252\/otsw1297","article-title":"Stroboscopic training enhances anticipatory timing","volume":"5","author":"Smith","year":"2012","journal-title":"International Journal of Exercise Science"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.7717\/peerj.21740\/ref-57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.15877\/j.cnki.nsin.2014.06.004","article-title":"The foreign sports vision study citations key node analysis","volume":"13","author":"Sun","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Nanjing Sports Institute (Natural Science)"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.7717\/peerj.21740\/ref-58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.15930\/j.cnki.wtxb.2018.02.008","article-title":"Recent progress of research on effects of sports visual training","volume":"52","author":"Sun","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Wuhan Sports University"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.21740\/ref-59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.70252\/gzdg9193","article-title":"The effect of stroboscopic vision training on blind-folded straight-line walking","volume":"17","author":"Talwar","year":"2024","journal-title":"International Journal of Exercise Science"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21740\/ref-60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1366448","DOI":"10.3389\/fspor.2024.1366448","article-title":"Strobe training as a visual training method that improves performance in climbing","volume":"6","author":"Vasile","year":"2024","journal-title":"Frontiers in Sports and Active Living"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21740\/ref-61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2025.2598176","article-title":"Acute and long-term effects of stroboscopic training on sport performance: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"44","author":"Vera","year":"2025","journal-title":"Journal of Sports Sciences"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21740\/ref-62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1697425","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2025.1697425","article-title":"Effects of stroboscopic visual training on reaction time and decision-making ability in athletes: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"16","author":"Wang","year":"2025a","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21740\/ref-63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2025.2592441","article-title":"A systematic review and three-level meta-analysis of the effects of stroboscopic training on sport-specific performance","volume":"44","author":"Wang","year":"2025b","journal-title":"Journal of Sports Sciences"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.21740\/ref-64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1080\/1750984x.2019.1582081","article-title":"An early review of stroboscopic visual training: insights, challenges and accomplishments to guide future studies","volume":"13","author":"Wilkins","year":"2020","journal-title":"International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.21740\/ref-65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.2466\/22.25.pms.121c11x0","article-title":"Effects of stroboscopic visual training on visual attention, motion perception, and catching performance","volume":"121","author":"Wilkins","year":"2015","journal-title":"Perceptual and Motor Skills"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21740\/ref-66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/s41465-017-0038-z","article-title":"Stroboscopic visual training: a pilot study with three elite youth football goalkeepers","volume":"2","author":"Wilkins","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Cognitive Enhancement"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.7717\/peerj.21740\/ref-67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1333","DOI":"10.26603\/001c.123958","article-title":"The impact of visual perturbation neuromuscular training on landing mechanics and neural activity: a pilot study","volume":"19","author":"Wohl","year":"2024","journal-title":"International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21740\/ref-68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1429554","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2024.1429554","article-title":"Relationship between visual ability assessment and punch performance in competition in male amateur boxers","volume":"15","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Frontiers in Physiology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.7717\/peerj.21740\/ref-69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.12307\/2025.286","article-title":"Effect of balance training with different visual conditions on proprioception in patients with chronic ankle instability","volume":"29","author":"Wu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chinese Journal of Tissue Engineering Research"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21740\/ref-70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.5114\/jhk\/169443","article-title":"Electrophysiological evidence of stroboscopic training in elite handball players: visual evoked potentials study","volume":"90","author":"Zwierko","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Human Kinetics"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.21740\/ref-71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1186\/s13102-024-00848-y","article-title":"Effects of six-week stroboscopic training program on visuomotor reaction speed in goal-directed movements in young volleyball players: a study focusing on agility performance","volume":"16","author":"Zwierko","year":"2024a","journal-title":"BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.7717\/peerj.21740\/ref-72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.16926\/par.2024.12.16","article-title":"Effects of a 6-week stroboscopic training program on specific blocking reaction speed in young volleyball players","volume":"12","author":"Zwierko","year":"2024b","journal-title":"Physical Activity Review"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.7717\/peerj.21740\/ref-73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1798","DOI":"10.1002\/ejsc.12224","article-title":"Enhancing reactive agility in soccer: the impact of stroboscopic eyewear during warm-up across fatigued and non-fatigued conditions","volume":"24","author":"Zwierko","year":"2024c","journal-title":"European Journal of Sport Science"}],"container-title":["PeerJ"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/21740.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/21740.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/21740.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/21740.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T08:20:48Z","timestamp":1790670048000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/21740"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]]},"references-count":73,"alternative-id":["10.7717\/peerj.21740"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7717\/peerj.21740","archive":["CLOCKSS","LOCKSS","Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2167-8359"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2167-8359","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]]},"article-number":"e21740"}}