{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T08:54:17Z","timestamp":1791190457368,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"PeerJ","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791158400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To evaluate the short-term retinal electrical responses elicited by defocus segment lenses in emmetropic eyes using multifocal electroretinography (mfERG).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials &amp; Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A prospective cross-sectional study enrolled 14 young, healthy emmetropic participants aged 18 to 22 years with no ocular or systemic diseases. Comprehensive eye examinations were conducted, and mfERG recordings were obtained using six different condition scenarios. Retinal responses were analyzed across hexagon ring groupings defined by angular extent (Ring 1: 2.5\u00b0, Ring 2: 7.5\u00b0, Ring 3: 14\u00b0, Ring 4: 22\u00b0, Ring 5: 30\u00b0). Statistical analysis was performed to compare retinal responses across different lens types and retinal regions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      No significant differences in retinal electrical responses were detected across the six lens conditions for negative (N1) latency (ms), positive (P1) latency (ms), or P1 amplitude (nV\/deg\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      ) (all\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &gt; 0.05). Regional variations in amplitude and latency across concentric retinal rings were observed but reflected expected normative mfERG gradients independent of lens type.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The tested defocus segment lens designs did not produce statistically detectable alterations in first order mfERG parameters in structurally intact emmetropic eyes under brief exposure. Although the analytical framework demonstrated sufficient sensitivity to identify medium to large electrophysiological effects, the current design may lack resolution for subtle retinal adaptations. Future investigations incorporating larger cohorts, prolonged optical exposure, and nonlinear analytical techniques in ametropic populations will be necessary to determine whether clinically relevant myopia control mechanisms correspond to measurable electrophysiological modulation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.21766","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T08:18:23Z","timestamp":1791188303000},"page":"e21766","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Multifocal electroretinography assessment of retinal responses to myopic defocus lenses"],"prefix":"10.7717","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Mohammed","family":"Alhazmi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Optometry Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammed","family":"Althomali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Optometry Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muteb","family":"Alanazi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Optometry Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wafa","family":"Alotaibi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Optometry Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eman","family":"Alghamdi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Optometry Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Optometry Department, East Jeddah General Hospital, Jeddah, Makkah, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Almustanyir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Optometry Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fahd","family":"Alqahtani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ophthalmology Department, King Saud University Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Optometry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, United States of America"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"4443","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21766\/ref-1","first-page":"15","article-title":"Impact of myopic and hyperopic chromatic defocus on retinal response using multifocal electroretinogram","volume":"14","author":"Alanazi","year":"2023","journal-title":"EC Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21766\/ref-2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.3390\/vision8020019","article-title":"Enhancement of the inner foveal response of young adults with extended-depth-of-focus contact lens for myopia management","volume":"8","author":"Amorim-de Sousa","year":"2024","journal-title":"Vision"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21766\/ref-3","first-page":"191","article-title":"Full-field versus multifocal electroretinography","volume":"8","author":"Azarmina","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Ophthalmic and Vision Research"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21766\/ref-4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-020-00231-4","article-title":"Myopia","volume":"6","author":"Baird","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Disease Primers"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21766\/ref-5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1171","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2020-318367","article-title":"One-year myopia control efficacy of spectacle lenses with aspherical lenslets","volume":"106","author":"Bao","year":"2022","journal-title":"British Journal of Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21766\/ref-6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1561","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2021.04.032","article-title":"The risks and benefits of myopia control","volume":"128","author":"Bullimore","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21766\/ref-7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1444-0938.2003.tb03127.x","article-title":"Effect of optical defocus on multifocal ERG responses","volume":"86","author":"Chan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clinical and Experimental Optometry"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21766\/ref-8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1001\/archophthalmol.2009.332","article-title":"Randomized trial of effect of bifocal and prismatic bifocal spectacles on myopic progression: two-year results","volume":"128","author":"Cheng","year":"2010","journal-title":"Archives of Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21766\/ref-9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2013.7623","article-title":"Effect of bifocal and prismatic bifocal spectacles on myopia progression in children: three-year results of a randomized clinical trial","volume":"132","author":"Cheng","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21766\/ref-10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0123480","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0123480","article-title":"Human electroretinal responses to grating patterns and defocus changes by global flash multifocal electroretinogram","volume":"10","author":"Chin","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21766\/ref-11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0243076","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0243076","article-title":"The human axial length and choroidal thickness responses to continuous and alternating episodes of myopic and hyperopic blur","volume":"15","author":"Delshad","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21766\/ref-12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1007\/s10633-021-09857-5","article-title":"Electroretinogram responses in myopia: a review","volume":"145","author":"Gupta","year":"2022","journal-title":"Documenta Ophthalmologica"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21766\/ref-13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2021.10.007","article-title":"Degree of myopia and glaucoma risk: a dose\u2013response meta-analysis","volume":"236","author":"Ha","year":"2022","journal-title":"American Journal of Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21766\/ref-14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1097\/ICL.0000000000000867","article-title":"Myopia control with orthokeratology: a review","volume":"48","author":"Hiraoka","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eye & Contact Lens"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21766\/ref-15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2011.10.017","article-title":"Sign-dependent changes in retinal electrical activity with positive and negative defocus in the human eye","volume":"52","author":"Ho","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vision Research"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21766\/ref-16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1007\/s10633-020-09812-w","article-title":"ISCEV standard for clinical multifocal electroretinography (mfERG) (2021 update)","volume":"142","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2021","journal-title":"Documenta Ophthalmologica"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21766\/ref-17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.006","article-title":"Global prevalence of myopia and high myopia and temporal trends from 2000 through 2050","volume":"123","author":"Holden","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21766\/ref-18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10633-007-9089-2","article-title":"ISCEV guidelines for clinical multifocal electroretinography (2007 edition)","volume":"116","author":"Hood","year":"2008","journal-title":"Documenta Ophthalmologica"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21766\/ref-19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1097\/00041327-200309000-00008","article-title":"The multifocal electroretinogram","volume":"23","author":"Hood","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Neuro-Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21766\/ref-20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1017\/S0952523800012190","article-title":"A comparison of the components of the multifocal and full-field ERGs","volume":"14","author":"Hood","year":"1997","journal-title":"Visual Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21766\/ref-21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0140419","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0140419","article-title":"The association between near work activities and myopia in children\u2014a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"10","author":"Huang","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21766\/ref-22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1905","DOI":"10.1007\/s10571-022-01309-1","article-title":"The role of retinal dysfunction in myopia development","volume":"43","author":"Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21766\/ref-23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100773","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xops.2025.100773","article-title":"Effect of myopic defocus on the retina and choroid and its interaction with defocus regions, diurnal rhythm, and accommodation","volume":"5","author":"Huang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ophthalmology Science"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21766\/ref-24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjopt.2011.08.002","article-title":"Electrophysiological study of myopia","volume":"26","author":"Kader","year":"2012","journal-title":"Saudi Journal of Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21766\/ref-25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2018-313739","article-title":"Defocus Incorporated Multiple Segments (DIMS) spectacle lenses slow myopia progression: a 2-year randomised clinical trial","volume":"104","author":"Lam","year":"2020","journal-title":"British Journal of Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21766\/ref-26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1080\/02713683.2021.2006236","article-title":"Three-dimensional choroidal vascularity index in high myopia using swept-source optical coherence tomography","volume":"47","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Current Eye Research"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21766\/ref-27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9430","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-35520-x","article-title":"Epidemiology of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment in commercially insured myopes in the United States","volume":"13","author":"Ludwig","year":"2023","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21766\/ref-28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1097\/ICL.0000000000000571","article-title":"An update of eye shape and myopia","volume":"45","author":"Matsumura","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eye & Contact Lens"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21766\/ref-29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8067657","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/8067657","article-title":"Bifocal and multifocal contact lenses for presbyopia and myopia control","volume":"2020","author":"Remon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21766\/ref-30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1507","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0b013e318269c8d0","article-title":"The effect of phenylephrine on the ciliary muscle and accommodation","volume":"89","author":"Richdale","year":"2012","journal-title":"Optometry and Vision Science"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21766\/ref-31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1004977","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/1004977","article-title":"Myopia: mechanisms and strategies to slow down its progression","volume":"2022","author":"Russo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21766\/ref-32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1538","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo-2021-320920","article-title":"Oral administration of caffeine metabolite 7-methylxanthine is associated with slowed myopia progression in Danish children","volume":"107","author":"Trier","year":"2023","journal-title":"British Journal of Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21766\/ref-33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1100","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.13163","article-title":"Dual-focus contact lenses for myopia control modify central retinal electrophysiology in humans","volume":"43","author":"Turnbull","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21766\/ref-34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11101","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-38192-9","article-title":"Impact of text contrast polarity on the retinal activity in myopes and emmetropes using modified pattern ERG","volume":"13","author":"Wagner","year":"2023","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21766\/ref-35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.63.12.20","article-title":"Vascular changes of the choroid and their correlations with visual acuity in pathological myopia","volume":"63","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21766\/ref-36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1308","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12875","article-title":"Wide-field choroidal thickness and vascularity index in myopes and emmetropes","volume":"41","author":"Yazdani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21766\/ref-37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0291470","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0291470","article-title":"Global risk factor analysis of myopia onset in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"18","author":"Yu","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.21766\/ref-38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-020-01746-w","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of atropine to control myopia progression: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"20","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Ophthalmology"}],"container-title":["PeerJ"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/21766.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/21766.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/21766.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/21766.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T08:18:25Z","timestamp":1791188305000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/21766"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]]},"references-count":38,"alternative-id":["10.7717\/peerj.21766"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7717\/peerj.21766","archive":["CLOCKSS","LOCKSS","Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2167-8359"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2167-8359","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]]},"article-number":"e21766"}}