{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]],"date-time":"2026-07-04T21:07:41Z","timestamp":1783199261707,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"PeerJ","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,24]],"date-time":"2016-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1471996800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Malaya (UM)-High Impact Research (HIR)-the Ministry of Education (MoE)","award":["UM\/C\/625\/1\/HIR\/MOE\/DENT\/9, UM.C\/625\/1\/HIR\/MOHE\/MED\/16\/5 and UM\/C\/625\/1\/HIR\/MOE\/DENT\/4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UM\/C\/625\/1\/HIR\/MOE\/DENT\/9, UM.C\/625\/1\/HIR\/MOHE\/MED\/16\/5 and UM\/C\/625\/1\/HIR\/MOE\/DENT\/4"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Periodontitis is one of the most common oral diseases associated with the host\u2019s immune response against periodontopathogenic infection. Failure to accurately diagnose the stage of periodontitis has limited the ability to predict disease status. Therefore, we aimed to look for reliable diagnostic markers for detection or differentiation of early stage periodontitis using the immunoprotemic approach.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p>In the present study, patient serum samples from four distinct stages of periodontitis (i.e., mild chronic, moderate chronic, severe chronic, and aggressive) and healthy controls were subjected to two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE), followed by silver staining. Notably, we consistently identified 14 protein clusters in the sera of patients and normal controls.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Overall, we found that protein levels were comparable between patients and controls, with the exception of the clusters corresponding to A1AT, HP, IGKC and KNG1 (p &lt; 0.05). In addition, the immunogenicity of these proteins was analysed via immunoblotting, which revealed differential profiles for periodontal disease and controls. For this reason, IgM obtained from severe chronic periodontitis (CP) sera could be employed as a suitable autoantibody for the detection of periodontitis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Taken together, the present study suggests that differentially expressed host immune response proteins could be used as potential biomarkers for screening periodontitis. Future studies exploring the diagnostic potential of such factors are warranted.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.2327","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,24]],"date-time":"2016-08-24T09:17:49Z","timestamp":1472030269000},"page":"e2327","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Identification of biomarkers for periodontal disease using the immunoproteomics approach"],"prefix":"10.7717","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Jesinda P.","family":"Kerishnan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Science & Craniofacial, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sani","family":"Mohammad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhamad Shaifunizam","family":"Alias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alan Kang-Wai","family":"Mu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Biotechnology, Institute of Win Men Biotech, Sungai Bakap, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rathna Devi","family":"Vaithilingam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nor Adinar","family":"Baharuddin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Syarida H.","family":"Safii","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zainal Ariff","family":"Abdul Rahman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oro-Maxillofacial Surgical & Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu Nieng","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chen Dental Specialist Clinic, Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yeng","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Science & Craniofacial, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia"},{"name":"Oral Cancer Research and Coordinating Centre, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"4443","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,24]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.2327\/ref-1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.1999.70.1.13","article-title":"Destructive periodontal disease in adults 30 years of age and older in the United States, 1988\u20131994","volume":"70","author":"Albandar","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of Periodontology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.2327\/ref-2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1902\/annals.1999.4.1.1","article-title":"Development of a classification system for periodontal diseases and conditions","volume":"4","author":"Armitage","year":"1999","journal-title":"Annals of Periodontology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.7717\/peerj.2327\/ref-3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-5699(05)80045-3","article-title":"Natural autoantibodies: from \u2018horror autotoxicus\u2019 to \u2018gnothi seauton\u2019","volume":"12","author":"Avrameas","year":"1991","journal-title":"Immunology Today"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.2327\/ref-4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0757.2012.00450.x","article-title":"Periodontitis: a host-mediated disruption of microbial homeostasis. 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