{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T10:56:25Z","timestamp":1790074585771,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":96,"publisher":"PeerJ","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,11]],"date-time":"2017-04-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1491868800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Portuguese National Funds"},{"name":"PALEOTECH","award":["EXPL\/BIA-EVF\/0665\/2013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EXPL\/BIA-EVF\/0665\/2013"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001671","name":"European Synchrotron Radiation Facility","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001671","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"FCT\/MEC","award":["SFRH\/BPD\/96205\/2013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BPD\/96205\/2013"]}]},{"name":"IF2014 Programme","award":["IF\/00036\/2014\/CP1214\/CT0009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IF\/00036\/2014\/CP1214\/CT0009"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:p>Synapsida, the clade including therapsids and thus also mammals, is one of the two major branches of amniotes. Organismal design, with modularity as a concept, offers insights into the evolution of therapsids, a group that experienced profound anatomical transformations throughout the past 270\u00a0Ma, eventually leading to the evolution of the mammalian bauplan. However, the anatomy of some therapsid groups remains obscure. Gorgonopsian braincase anatomy is poorly known and many anatomical aspects of the brain, cranial nerves, vasculature, and osseous labyrinth, remain unclear. We analyzed two gorgonopsian specimens, GPIT\/RE\/7124 and GPIT\/RE\/7119, using propagation phase contrast synchrotron micro-computed tomography. The lack of fusion between many basicranial and occipital bones in GPIT\/RE\/7124, which is an immature specimen, allowed us to reconstruct its anatomy and ontogenetic sequence, in comparison with the mature GPIT\/RE\/7119, in great detail. We explored the braincase and rendered various skull cavities. Notably, we found that there is a separate ossification between what was previously referred to as the \u201cparasphenoid\u201d and the basioccipital. We reinterpreted this element as a posterior ossification of the basisphenoid: the basipostsphenoid. Moreover, we show that the previously called \u201cparasphenoid\u201d is in fact the co-ossification of the dermal parasphenoid and the endochondral basipresphenoid. In line with previous descriptions, the anatomy of the osseous labyrinth is rendered in detail, revealing a unique discoid morphology of the horizontal semicircular canal, rather than toroidal, probably due to architectural constraints of the ossification of the opisthotic and supraoccipital. In addition, the orientation of the horizontal semicircular canal suggests that gorgonopsians had an anteriorly tilted alert head posture. The morphology of the brain endocast is in accordance with the more reptilian endocast shape of other non-mammaliaform neotherapsids.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.3119","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,11]],"date-time":"2017-04-11T03:54:30Z","timestamp":1491882870000},"page":"e3119","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Aspects of gorgonopsian paleobiology and evolution: insights from the basicranium, occiput, osseous labyrinth, vasculature, and neuroanatomy"],"prefix":"10.7717","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Ricardo","family":"Ara\u00fajo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Instituto de Plasmas e Fus\u00e3o Nuclear, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Museum f\u00fcr Naturkunde, Leibniz-Institut f\u00fcr Evolutions\u2014und Biodiversit\u00e4tsforschung, Berlin, Germany"},{"name":"Huffington Department of Earth Sciences, Southern Methodist Univesity, Dallas, TX, United States of America"},{"name":"GEAL\u2014Museu da Lourinh\u00e3, Lourinh\u00e3, Portugal"},{"name":"Institut des Sciences de l\u2019Evolution, Universit\u00e9 de Montpellier 2, Montpellier, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vincent","family":"Fernandez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Grenoble, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael J.","family":"Polcyn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Huffington Department of Earth Sciences, Southern Methodist Univesity, Dallas, TX, United States of America"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00f6rg","family":"Fr\u00f6bisch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Museum f\u00fcr Naturkunde, Leibniz-Institut f\u00fcr Evolutions\u2014und Biodiversit\u00e4tsforschung, Berlin, Germany"},{"name":"Institut f\u00fcr Biologie, Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rui M.S.","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Instituto de Plasmas e Fus\u00e3o Nuclear, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"CENIMAT\/I3N, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Monte de Caparica, Portugal"},{"name":"GEAL\u2014Museu da Lourinh\u00e3, Lourinh\u00e3, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"4443","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.3119\/ref-1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-6841-3_7","article-title":"Permian and Triassic dicynodont (Therapsida: Anomodontia) faunas of the Luangwa Basin, Zambia: taxonomic update and implications for dicynodont biogeography and biostratigraphy","volume-title":"Early evolutionary history of the Synapsida","author":"Angielczyk","year":"2014"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.3119\/ref-2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1017\/njg.2014.43","article-title":"New aristonectine elasmosaurid plesiosaur specimens from the Early Maastrichtian of Angola and comments on paedomorphism in plesiosaurs","volume":"94","author":"Ara\u00fajo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Netherlands Journal of Geosciences\u2014Geologie en Mijnbouw"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.3119\/ref-3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1111\/azo.12131","article-title":"The evolutionary and morphological history of the parasphenoid bone in vertebrates","volume":"97","author":"Atkins","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Zoologica"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.7717\/peerj.3119\/ref-4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0147687","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0147687","article-title":"Fusion patterns in the skulls of modern archosaurs reveal that sutures are ambiguous maturity indicators for the dinosauria","volume":"11","author":"Bailleul","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.3119\/ref-5","first-page":"1","article-title":"The chondrocranium and the development of the skull in recent reptiles","volume-title":"Biology of the reptilia.Vol. 11, Morphology","author":"Bellairs","year":"1981"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.3119\/ref-6","article-title":"Dissertatio pathologica inauguralis De vermibus intestinalibus, in viis biliferis repertis","author":"Boele","year":"1828"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.3119\/ref-7","first-page":"195","article-title":"The braincase, basicranial axis and median septum in the Dinocephalia","volume":"50","author":"Boonstra","year":"1968","journal-title":"Annals of the South African Museum"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.3119\/ref-8","first-page":"17","article-title":"The early therapsids","volume":"59","author":"Boonstra","year":"1971","journal-title":"Annals of the South African Museum"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.7717\/peerj.3119\/ref-9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1080\/08912963.2012.704918","article-title":"Morphology of the palate and braincase of Dimetrodon milleri","volume":"24","author":"Brink","year":"2012","journal-title":"Historical Biology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.3119\/ref-10","first-page":"255","article-title":"Triassic dicynodont reptiles. Part I","volume-title":"The North American genus Placerias","author":"Camp","year":"1956"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.7717\/peerj.3119\/ref-11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1571","DOI":"10.1139\/e85-166","article-title":"Cranial anatomy of the primitive reptile Procolophon","volume":"22","author":"Carroll","year":"1985","journal-title":"Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.7717\/peerj.3119\/ref-12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e80974","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0080974","article-title":"Bringing dicynodonts back to life: paleobiology and anatomy of a new emydopoid genus from the Upper Permian of Mozambique","volume":"8","author":"Castanhinha","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.3119\/ref-13","first-page":"67","article-title":"The cranial suture closure in monkeys","volume":"128","author":"Chopra","year":"1957","journal-title":"Journal of Zoology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.3119\/ref-14","first-page":"155","article-title":"The cranial morphology of the dicynodont genus Lystrosaurus","volume":"56","author":"Cluver","year":"1971","journal-title":"Annals of the South African Museum"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.3119\/ref-15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.18814\/epiiugs\/2013\/v36i3\/002","article-title":"The ICS international chronostratigraphic chart","volume":"36","author":"Cohen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Episodes"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.7717\/peerj.3119\/ref-16","first-page":"357","article-title":"The mammal-like reptile Lycaenops","volume":"89","author":"Colbert","year":"1948","journal-title":"Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.7717\/peerj.3119\/ref-17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.117.2.409","article-title":"The triple origin of skull in higher vertebrates: a study in quail-chick chimeras","volume":"117","author":"Couly","year":"1993","journal-title":"Development"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.7717\/peerj.3119\/ref-18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-6395.1953.tb00368.x","article-title":"The development of the chondrocranium of Spheniscus demersus with special reference to the columella auris of birds","volume":"34","author":"Crompton","year":"1953","journal-title":"Acta Zoologica"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.7717\/peerj.3119\/ref-19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1096-3642.1958.tb00568.x","article-title":"The cranial morphology of a new genus and species of ictidosauran","volume":"130","author":"Crompton","year":"1958","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.3119\/ref-20","volume-title":"The development of the vertebrate skull","author":"De Beer","year":"1937"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.3119\/ref-21","first-page":"260","article-title":"On the head posture in birds and its relation to some anatomical features: III","volume":"54","author":"Duijm","year":"1951","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie Van Wetenschappen, Series C"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.3119\/ref-22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1056\/nejm189004241221701","article-title":"The closure of the cranial sutures as a sign of age","volume":"122","author":"Dwight","year":"1890","journal-title":"The Boston Medical and Surgical Journal"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.7717\/peerj.3119\/ref-23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1159\/000115935","article-title":"Head orientation in pigeons: postural, locomotor and visual determinants","volume":"33","author":"Erichsen","year":"1989","journal-title":"Brain, Behavior and Evolution"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.3119\/ref-24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1666\/04027.1","article-title":"Nasal cavity homologies and cranial crest function in Lambeosaurine Dinosaurs","volume":"32","author":"Evans","year":"2006","journal-title":"Paleobiology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.3119\/ref-25","article-title":"Floccular fossa size is not a reliable proxy of ecology and behaviour in vertebrates","author":"Ferreira-Cardoso","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.3119\/ref-26","first-page":"337","article-title":"The cranial morphology of Thrinaxodon liorhinus Seeley","volume":"65","author":"Fourie","year":"1974","journal-title":"Annals of the South African Museum"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.7717\/peerj.3119\/ref-27","first-page":"65","article-title":"Comparative cranial morphology of recent and fossil turtles","volume":"164","author":"Gaffney","year":"1979","journal-title":"American Museum of Natural History"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.7717\/peerj.3119\/ref-28","article-title":"The braincase of Youngina capensis (Reptilia, Dipsida): new insights from high-resolution ct scanning of the holotype","volume":"13","author":"Gardner","year":"2010","journal-title":"Palaeontologia Electronica"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.3119\/ref-29","article-title":"Phylogeny and evolution of the gorgonopsia with a special reference to the skull and skeleton of GPIT\/RE\/7113 (\u2018Aelurognathus?\u2019parringtoni)","author":"Gebauer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Doctoral dissertation"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.3119\/ref-30","first-page":"566","volume-title":"The skull. Vol. 2. Patterns of structural and systematic diversity","author":"Hanken","year":"1993"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.3119\/ref-31","first-page":"1","article-title":"Cranial anatomy of primitive captorhinid reptiles from the Late Pennsylvanian and Early Permian, Oklahoma and Texas","volume":"127","author":"Heaton","year":"1979","journal-title":"Bulletin of the Oklahoma Geological Survey"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.3119\/ref-32","first-page":"201","article-title":"The skull of the Crocodilia","volume-title":"Biology of the reptilia, Vol. 4, Morphology D","author":"Iordansky","year":"1973"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.3119\/ref-33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1006\/dbio.2001.0487","article-title":"Tissue origins and interactions in the mammalian skull vault","volume":"241","author":"Jiang","year":"2002","journal-title":"Developmental Biology"},{"issue":"3)","key":"10.7717\/peerj.3119\/ref-34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.1051000302","article-title":"The head skeleton of the chicken and remarks on the anatomy of this region in other birds","volume":"100","author":"Jollie","year":"1957","journal-title":"Journal of Morphology"},{"issue":"Issue 2","key":"10.7717\/peerj.3119\/ref-35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511793752","article-title":"Hard tissue anatomy of the cranial joints in Sphenodon (Rhynchocephalia): sutures, kinesis, and skull mechanics","volume":"Vol. 14","author":"Jones","year":"2011","journal-title":"Palaeontologia Electronica"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.7717\/peerj.3119\/ref-36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e47394","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0047394","article-title":"Skeletogenic fate of zebrafish cranial and trunk neural crest","volume":"7","author":"Kague","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.3119\/ref-37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-6841-3_11","article-title":"A redescription of Eriphostoma microdon Broom, 1911 (Therapsida, Gorgonopsia) from the Tapinocephalus Assemblage Zone of South Africa and a review of Middle Permian gorgonopsians","volume-title":"Early evolutionary history of the synapsida","author":"Kammerer","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.3119\/ref-38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1002\/spp2.1002","article-title":"Cranial osteology of Arctognathus curvimola, a short-snouted gorgonopsian from the Late Permian of South Africa","volume":"1","author":"Kammerer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Papers in Palaeontology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.3119\/ref-39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1608","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.1608","article-title":"Systematics of the Rubidgeinae (Therapsida: Gorgonopsia)","volume":"4","author":"Kammerer","year":"2016","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.7717\/peerj.3119\/ref-40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1002\/spp2.1012","article-title":"New information on the morphology and stratigraphic range of the mid-Permian gorgonopsian Eriphostoma microdon Broom, 1911","volume":"1","author":"Kammerer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Papers in Palaeontology"},{"issue":"727","key":"10.7717\/peerj.3119\/ref-41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.1963.0002","article-title":"The cranial structure of the triconodonts","volume":"246","author":"Kermack","year":"1963","journal-title":"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.3119\/ref-42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1096-3642.1981.tb01127.x","article-title":"The skull of Morganucodon","volume":"71","author":"Kermack","year":"1981","journal-title":"Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.3119\/ref-43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.1969.0036","article-title":"On the functional morphology of the gorgonopsid skull","volume":"256","author":"Kemp","year":"1969","journal-title":"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B, Biological Sciences"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.3119\/ref-44","article-title":"The distribution of the karroo vertebrate fauna: with special reference to certain genera and the bearing of this distribution on the zoning of the Beaufort Beds, Bernard Price Institute for Palaeontological Research,University of the Witwatersrand","author":"Kitching","year":"1977"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.3119\/ref-45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3625","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms4625","article-title":"Mammalian skull heterochrony reveals modular evolution and a link between cranial development and brain size","volume":"5","author":"Koyabu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature Communications"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.3119\/ref-46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1002\/aja.1000460206","article-title":"Studies in growth changes in the skull and face of anthropoids. II. Ectocranial and endocranial suture closure in anthropoids and Old World Apes","volume":"46","author":"Krogman","year":"1930","journal-title":"American Journal of Anatomy"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.3119\/ref-47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1080\/02724634.1998.10011105","article-title":"New data on the cranial anatomy of Lycaenops (Synapsida, Gorgonopsidae), and reflections on the possible presence of streptostyly in gorgonopsians","volume":"18","author":"Laurin","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.3119\/ref-48","first-page":"449","article-title":"Uber die Lage des Canalis semicircularis bei S\u00e4ugern","volume":"58","author":"Lebedkin","year":"1924","journal-title":"Anatonzischer Anzeiger"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.3119\/ref-49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e124","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.124","article-title":"The variability of inner ear orientation in saurischian dinosaurs: testing the use of semicircular canals as a reference system for comparative anatomy","volume":"1","author":"Marug\u00e1n-Lob\u00f3n","year":"2013","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.3119\/ref-50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2008.07.016","article-title":"Development and tissue origins of the mammalian cranial base","volume":"322","author":"McBratney-Owen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Developmental Biology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.3119\/ref-51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nimb.2013.09.030","article-title":"The PyHST2 hybrid distributed code for high speed tomographic reconstruction with iterative reconstruction and a priori knowledge capabilities","volume":"324","author":"Mirone","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.7717\/peerj.3119\/ref-52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1127\/0077-7749\/2011\/0157","article-title":"Carotid circulation in amniotes and its implications for turtle relationships","volume":"261","author":"M\u00fcller","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neues Jahrbuch f\u00fcr Geologie und Pal\u00e4ontologie-Abhandlungen"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.7717\/peerj.3119\/ref-53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7580.2005.00473.x","article-title":"Relations and interactions between cranial mesoderm and neural crest populations","volume":"207","author":"Noden","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Anatomy"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.3119\/ref-54","first-page":"438","article-title":"Patterns of diversity in the mammalian skull","volume-title":"The skull","volume":"Vol. 2","author":"Novacek","year":"1993"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.3119\/ref-55","first-page":"1","article-title":"The anatomy of the head of Ctenosaura pectinata (Iguanidae)","volume":"94","author":"Oelrich","year":"1956","journal-title":"Miscellaneous Publications Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.3119\/ref-56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.1050620202","article-title":"The occipital, otic, basicranial and pterygoid regions of the Gorgonopsia","volume":"62","author":"Olson","year":"1938","journal-title":"Journal of Morphology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.3119\/ref-57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1130\/GSAB-55-1","article-title":"The origin of mammals based upon the cranial morphology of the therapsid suborders","volume":"55","author":"Olson","year":"1944","journal-title":"Special Papers\u2014Geological Society of America"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.3119\/ref-58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.20070","article-title":"Anatomy of the fully formed chondrocranium of Emydura subglobosa (Chelidae): a pleurodiran turtle","volume":"274","author":"Paluh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Morphology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.3119\/ref-59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1096-3642.1955.tb00589.x","article-title":"On the cranial anatomy of some gorgonopsids and the synapsid middle ear","volume":"125","author":"Parrington","year":"1955","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.3119\/ref-60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2818.2002.01010.x","article-title":"Simultaneous phase and amplitude extraction from a single defocused image of a homogeneous object","volume":"206","author":"Paganin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Microscopy"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.3119\/ref-61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5661","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms6661","article-title":"Evolutionary innovation and conservation in the embryonic derivation of the vertebrate skull","volume":"5","author":"Piekarski","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature Communications"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.7717\/peerj.3119\/ref-62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1016\/S0039-6257(05)80055-4","article-title":"Extraocular muscles: basic and clinical aspects of structure and function","volume":"39","author":"Porter","year":"1995","journal-title":"Survey of Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.3119\/ref-63","first-page":"1","article-title":"Gorgonopsidae from the North Dvina Expedition of V. P. Amalitzki","volume":"3","author":"Pravoslavlev","year":"1927","journal-title":"Severo-Dvinskie raskopki Prof. V. P. Amalitskogo"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.7717\/peerj.3119\/ref-64","first-page":"441","article-title":"On the homology of the alisphenoid","volume":"121","author":"Presely","year":"1976","journal-title":"Journal of Anatomy"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.7717\/peerj.3119\/ref-65","first-page":"299","article-title":"The brain of the mammal-like reptile Probainognathus jenseni (Therapsida, Cynodontia). A correlative paleo-neoneurological approach to the neocortex at the reptile-mammal transition","volume":"21","author":"Quiroga","year":"1980","journal-title":"Journal fur Hirnforschung"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.7717\/peerj.3119\/ref-66","first-page":"285","article-title":"The endocranial cast of the advanced mammal-like reptile Therioherpeton cargnini (Therapsida-Cynodontia) from the Middle Triassic of Brazil","volume":"25","author":"Quiroga","year":"1984","journal-title":"Journal fur Hirnforschung"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.3119\/ref-67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2174\/1877609401406010001","article-title":"Comparative anatomy of the carotid-basilar arterial trunk and hindbrain penetrating arteries in vertebrates","volume":"6","author":"Rahmat","year":"2014","journal-title":"The Open Anatomy Journal"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.3119\/ref-68","first-page":"344","article-title":"Patterns of diversity in the reptilian skull","volume":"2","author":"Rieppel","year":"1993","journal-title":"The Skull"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.7717\/peerj.3119\/ref-69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.1050630305","article-title":"The morphology of the skull of a young Galesaurus planiceps and related forms","volume":"63","author":"Rigney","year":"1938","journal-title":"Journal of Morphology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.3119\/ref-70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1007\/s12542-013-0200-6","article-title":"Study of a digital cranial endocast of the nonmammaliaform cynodont Brasilitherium riograndensis (Later Triassic, Brazil) and its relevance to the evolution of the mammalian brain","volume":"88","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pal\u00e4ontologische Zeitschrift"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.3119\/ref-71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1203117","article-title":"Fossil evidence on origin of the mammalian brain","volume":"332","author":"Rowe","year":"2011","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.3119\/ref-72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(00)80585-1","article-title":"Exploring dinosaur neuropaleobiology: viewpoint computed tomography scanning and analysis of an Allosaurus fragilis endocast","volume":"21","author":"Rogers","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.3119\/ref-73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1130\/SPE28-p1","article-title":"Review of the pelycosauria","volume":"28","author":"Romer","year":"1940","journal-title":"Geological Society of America Special Papers"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.3119\/ref-74","first-page":"269","article-title":"Major changes in the ear region and basicranium of early mammals","volume-title":"Amniote paleobiology: perspectives on the evolution of mammals, birds, and reptiles","author":"Rougier","year":"2006"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.7717\/peerj.3119\/ref-75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1130\/G33622.1","article-title":"High-precision temporal calibration of Late Permian vertebrate biostratigraphy: U-Pb zircon constraints from the Karoo Supergroup, South Africa","volume":"41","author":"Rubidge","year":"2013","journal-title":"Geology"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.7717\/peerj.3119\/ref-76","first-page":"1","article-title":"On the fossa hypophyseos and the attachment of the retractor bulbi group in Sphenodon, Varanus, and Lacerta","volume":"38","author":"S\u00e4ve-S\u00f6derbergh","year":"1946","journal-title":"Arkiv f\u00f6r Zoologi"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.3119\/ref-77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1002\/aja.1000450305","article-title":"Ectocranial suture closure in the hyaenas","volume":"45","author":"Schweikher","year":"1930","journal-title":"American Journal of Anatomy"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.3119\/ref-78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.10290","article-title":"Skeletal development of Macrochelys temminckii (Reptilia: Testudines: Chelydridae)","volume":"263","author":"Sheil","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Morphology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.7717\/peerj.3119\/ref-79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"938","DOI":"10.1671\/0272-4634(2004)024[0938:ANBTFT]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"A new burnetiamorph therapsid from the Teekloof Formation, Permian, of South Africa","volume":"24","author":"Sidor","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.3119\/ref-80","first-page":"417 pp","article-title":"R\u00e9vision syst\u00e9matique des gorgonopsiens sud-africains","volume-title":"Cahiers de Pal\u00e9ontologie","author":"Sigogneau","year":"1970"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.3119\/ref-81","first-page":"53","article-title":"The inner ear of Gorgonops (Reptilia, Therapsida, Gorgonopsia)","volume":"64","author":"Sigogneau","year":"1974","journal-title":"Annals of the South African Museum"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.3119\/ref-82","article-title":"Theriodontia I","volume-title":"Handbuch der Pal\u00e4oherpetologie","author":"Sigogneau-Russell","year":"1989"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.7717\/peerj.3119\/ref-83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1080\/02724634.2012.688693","article-title":"Reassessment of the morphology and paleobiology of the therocephalian Tetracynodon darti (Therapsida), and the phylogenetic relationships of Baurioidea","volume":"32","author":"Sigurdsen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.7717\/peerj.3119\/ref-84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0135114","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0135114","article-title":"Anatomy of the enigmatic reptile Elachistosuchus huenei Janensch, 1949 (Reptilia: Diapsida) from the Upper Triassic of Germany and its relevance for the origin of Sauria","volume":"10","author":"Sobral","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.3119\/ref-85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1671\/0272-4634(2000)020[0021:TBSOLL]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"The braincase structure of Leptopleuron lacertinum Owen (Parareptilia: Procolophonidae)","volume":"21","author":"Spencer","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.7717\/peerj.3119\/ref-86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0031-0239.2004.00382.x","article-title":"The basicranium of dicynodonts (Synapsida) and its use in phylogenetic analysis","volume":"47","author":"Surkov","year":"2004","journal-title":"Palaeontology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.3119\/ref-87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.201.4.573","article-title":"Theoretical and empirical patterns and topological homology in bone trabeculae","volume":"201","author":"Swarts","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Biology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.3119\/ref-88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330080103","article-title":"Cranial suture closure. Its progress and age relationship. Part II\u2014Ectocranial closure in adult males of white stock","volume":"8","author":"Todd","year":"1925","journal-title":"American Journal of Physical Anthropology"},{"issue":"02","key":"10.7717\/peerj.3119\/ref-89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1017\/S1755691013000492","article-title":"Anatomy, cranial ontogeny and phylogenetic relationships of the pareiasaur Deltavjatia rossicus from the Late Permian of central Russia","volume":"104","author":"Tsuji","year":"2013","journal-title":"Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.3119\/ref-90","article-title":"Neurobiology of the therapsid-mammal transition","volume-title":"The ecology and biology of mammal-like reptiles","author":"Ulinski","year":"1986"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.3119\/ref-91","first-page":"1","article-title":"The cranial anatomy of the early Therocephalia (Amniota: Therapsida)","volume":"1","author":"van den Heever","year":"1994","journal-title":"Annals University of Stellenbosch"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.3119\/ref-92","first-page":"1","article-title":"A new GIS-based biozone map of the Beaufort Group (Karoo Supergroup), South Africa","volume":"45","author":"van der Walt","year":"2010","journal-title":"Palaeontologia Africana"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"10.7717\/peerj.3119\/ref-93","first-page":"297","article-title":"Drei Theriodontier-Sch\u00e2del aus S\u00fcdafrica","volume":"19","author":"von Huene","year":"1937","journal-title":"Pal\u00e4ontologische Zeitschrift"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.3119\/ref-94","first-page":"47","article-title":"Die Theriodontier des ostafrikanischen Ruhuhu-Gebietes in der T\u00fcbinger Sammlung","volume":"92","author":"von Huene","year":"1950","journal-title":"Neues Jahrbuch f\u00fcr Geologie und Pal\u00e4ontologie"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.3119\/ref-95","article-title":"The vertebrate eye and its adaptive radiation (pp. 785)","author":"Walls","year":"1942"},{"issue":"6961","key":"10.7717\/peerj.3119\/ref-96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02048","article-title":"Neuroanatomy of flying reptiles and implications for flight, posture and behaviour","volume":"425","author":"Witmer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nature"}],"container-title":["PeerJ"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/3119.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/3119.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/3119.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/3119.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,27]],"date-time":"2022-07-27T07:15:53Z","timestamp":1658906153000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/3119"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,11]]},"references-count":96,"alternative-id":["10.7717\/peerj.3119"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7717\/peerj.3119","archive":["CLOCKSS","LOCKSS","Portico"],"relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.7287\/peerj.preprints.2313","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2167-8359"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2167-8359","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,11]]},"article-number":"e3119"}}