{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T14:08:04Z","timestamp":1792591684027,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"PeerJ","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,28]],"date-time":"2017-09-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1506556800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Serbian Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development","award":["OI 173022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OI 173022"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We investigated EEG rhythms, particularly alpha activity, and their relationship to post-stroke neuropathology and cognitive functions in the subacute and chronic stages of minor strokes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We included 10 patients with right middle cerebral artery (MCA) ischemic strokes and 11 healthy controls. All the assessments of stroke patients were done both in the subacute and chronic stages. Neurological impairment was measured using the National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS), whereas cognitive functions were assessed using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) and MoCA memory index (MoCA-MIS). The EEG was recorded using a 19 channel EEG system with standard EEG electrode placement. In particular, we analyzed the EEGs derived from the four lateral frontal (F3, F7, F4, F8), and corresponding lateral posterior (P3, P4, T5, T6) electrodes. Quantitative EEG analysis included: the group FFT spectra, the weighted average of alpha frequency (\u03b1AVG), the group probability density distributions of all conventional EEG frequency band relative amplitudes (EEG microstructure), the inter- and intra-hemispheric coherences, and the topographic distribution of alpha carrier frequency phase potentials (PPs). Statistical analysis was done using a Kruskal\u2013Wallis ANOVA with a\n                      <jats:italic>post-hoc<\/jats:italic>\n                      Mann\u2013Whitney\n                      <jats:italic>U<\/jats:italic>\n                      two-tailed test, and Spearman\u2019s correlation.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We demonstrated transient cognitive impairment alongside a slower alpha frequency (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>\n                      AVG) in the subacute right MCA stroke patients vs. the controls. This slower alpha frequency showed no amplitude change, but was highly synchronized intra-hemispherically, overlying the ipsi-lesional hemisphere, and inter-hemispherically, overlying the frontal cortex. In addition, the disturbances in EEG alpha activity in subacute stroke patients were expressed as a decrease in alpha PPs over the frontal cortex and an altered \u201calpha flow\u201d, indicating the sustained augmentation of inter-hemispheric interactions. Although the stroke induced slower alpha was a transient phenomenon, the increased alpha intra-hemispheric synchronization, overlying the ipsi-lesional hemisphere, the increased alpha F3\u2013F4 inter-hemispheric synchronization, the delayed alpha waves, and the newly established inter-hemispheric \u201calpha flow\u201d within the frontal cortex, remained as a permanent consequence of the minor stroke. This newly established frontal inter-hemispheric \u201calpha flow\u201d represented a permanent consequence of the \u201chidden\u201d stroke neuropathology, despite the fact that cognitive impairment has been returned to the control values. All the detected permanent changes at the EEG level with no cognitive impairment after a minor stroke could be a way for the brain to compensate for the lesion and restore the lost function.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our study indicates slower EEG alpha generation, synchronization and \u201cflow\u201d as potential biomarkers of cognitive impairment onset and\/or compensatory post-stroke re-organizational processes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.3839","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,28]],"date-time":"2017-09-28T04:00:23Z","timestamp":1506571223000},"page":"e3839","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Slower EEG alpha generation, synchronization and \u201cflow\u201d\u2014possible biomarkers of cognitive impairment and neuropathology of minor 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Mental Health Protection, Clinical Center Nis, Nis, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aleksandar","family":"Kalauzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for Life Sciences, Institute for Multidisciplinary Research, University of Belgrade, Belgrade,  Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jasna","family":"Saponjic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research\u2014Sinisa Stankovic, University of Belgrade,  Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"4443","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.3839\/ref-1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1097\/NPT.0000000000000072","article-title":"Applications of electroencephalography to characterize brain activity: perspectives in 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