{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]],"date-time":"2026-09-20T12:18:28Z","timestamp":1789906708533,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"PeerJ","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,21]],"date-time":"2017-12-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1513814400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["AI109134 and AI111201"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI109134 and AI111201"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:p>Schistosomiasis is a detrimental neglected tropical disease that is transmitted by Planorbid snails. Understanding the transmission and control of this disease requires an extensive understanding of these intermediate hosts, which is only achieved by the effective rearing and study of species such as<jats:italic>Biomphalaria glabrata<\/jats:italic>. This species is the intermediate host for<jats:italic>Schistosoma mansoni<\/jats:italic>in the New World, and is also the main model for studying schistosomes in mollusks. Antibiotics are used routinely in<jats:italic>B. glabrata<\/jats:italic>tissue culture, and occasionally on live snails. Here we show that standard doses of three common antibiotics (penicillin, streptomycin and gentamicin) drastically diminish the activity of healthy<jats:italic>B. glabrata<\/jats:italic>, but that treated snails recover rapidly when placed in fresh water. Ampicillin treated snails did not show altered activity. We suggest that researchers keep these apparent toxicities in mind if a need for antibiotic treatment of live Planorbid snails arises.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.4171","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,21]],"date-time":"2017-12-21T09:32:17Z","timestamp":1513848737000},"page":"e4171","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["The behavioral effects of antibiotic treatment on the snail<i>Biomphalaria glabrata<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.7717","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Euan R.O.","family":"Allan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael S.","family":"Blouin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"4443","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.4171\/ref-1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.1962.tb01416.x","article-title":"Pharmacology and chemotherapy of ampicillin\u2014a new broad-spectrum penicillin","volume":"18","author":"Acred","year":"1962","journal-title":"British Journal of Pharmacology and Chemotherapy"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.4171\/ref-2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0005362","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005362","article-title":"Schistosome infectivity in the snail, Biomphalaria glabrata, is partially dependent on the expression of Grctm6, a Guadeloupe Resistance Complex protein","volume":"11","author":"Allan","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.4171\/ref-3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1645\/GE-415R","article-title":"Respiratory burst of Biomphalaria glabrata hemocytes: Schistosoma mansoni-resistant snails produce more extracellular H2O2 than susceptible snails","volume":"91","author":"Bender","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Parasitology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.4171\/ref-4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.51.3.291-292.1946","article-title":"The stability of penicillin in aqueous solution","volume":"51","author":"Benedict","year":"1946","journal-title":"Journal of Bacteriology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.4171\/ref-5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-96-23433","article-title":"A method of securing bacteriologically sterile snails (Australorbis glabratus)","volume":"96","author":"Chernin","year":"1957","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.4171\/ref-6","first-page":"146","article-title":"Growth in axenic culture of the snail, Australorbis glabratus","volume":"69","author":"Chernin","year":"1959","journal-title":"American Journal of Hygiene"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.4171\/ref-7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4894(60)90003-5","article-title":"Effects of streptomycin on the hatching of Australorbis glabratus eggs","volume":"9","author":"Chernin","year":"1960","journal-title":"Experimental Parasitology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.4171\/ref-8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.4212\/cjhp.v63i4.934","article-title":"Stability of trisodium citrate and gentamicin solution for catheter locks after storage in plastic syringes at room temperature","volume":"63","author":"Cote","year":"2010","journal-title":"Canadian Journal of Hospital Pharmacy"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.4171\/ref-9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.38.4.667-672.1979","article-title":"Bacterial flora of the schistosome vector snail Biomphalaria glabrata","volume":"38","author":"Ducklow","year":"1979","journal-title":"Applied and Environmental Microbiology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.4171\/ref-10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1430","DOI":"10.1248\/cpb.30.1430","article-title":"Stabilization of ampicillin analogs in aqueous solution. 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