{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T09:08:03Z","timestamp":1772269683201,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":104,"publisher":"PeerJ","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,8]],"date-time":"2018-06-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1528416000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The Clarkia\n                    <jats:italic>lagerst\u00e4tte<\/jats:italic>\n                    (Latah Formation) of Idaho is well known for its beautifully preserved plant fossils as well as a fauna of insects and fish. Here we present the first known tetrapod fossil from these deposits. This specimen, recovered from the lower anoxic zone of the beds, is preserved as a carbonaceous film of a partial skeleton associated with a partial lower incisor and some tooth fragments. The morphology of the teeth indicates that the first tetrapod reported from Clarkia is a rodent. Its skeletal morphology as well as its bunodont and brachydont dentition suggests that it is a member of the squirrel family (Sciuridae). It is a large specimen that cannot be assigned to a known genus. Instead, it appears to represent the first occurrence of a new taxon with particularly gracile postcranial morphology likely indicative of an arboreal ecology. This new specimen is a rare glimpse into the poorly known arboreal mammal fossil record of the Neogene. It supports a greater taxonomic and ecological diversity of Miocene Sciuridae than previously recognized and offers new lines of inquiry in the paleoecological research enabled by the unique preservation conditions of the Clarkia biota.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.4880","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,8]],"date-time":"2018-06-08T03:50:02Z","timestamp":1528429802000},"page":"e4880","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["The first tetrapod from the mid-Miocene Clarkia\n                    <i>lagerst\u00e4tte<\/i>\n                    (Idaho, USA)"],"prefix":"10.7717","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Jonathan J. M.","family":"Calede","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Evolution, Ecology & Organismal Biology, Ohio State University, Marion, OH, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John D.","family":"Orcutt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Gonzaga University, Spokane, WA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Winifred A.","family":"Kehl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unaffiliated, Grove City, OH, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bill D.","family":"Richards","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geology & Geography, North Idaho College, Coeur d\u2019Alene, ID, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"4443","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.4880\/ref-1","first-page":"79","article-title":"Observations on the fossil flora of Eastern and Southeastern Oregon","volume":"5","author":"Arnold","year":"1937","journal-title":"Part I. Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.7717\/peerj.4880\/ref-2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1666\/12024","article-title":"Diversity dynamics of mammals in relation to tectonic and climatic history: comparison of three Neogene records from North America","volume":"39","author":"Badgley","year":"2013","journal-title":"Paleobiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.4880\/ref-3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1671\/0272-4634(2007)27[204:bamotm]2.0.co;2","article-title":"Biostratigraphy and magnetostratigraphy of the mid-Miocene Railroad Canyon sequence, Montana and Idaho, and age of the mid-tertiary unconformity west of the continental divide","volume":"27","author":"Barnosky","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.4880\/ref-4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-0182(99)00103-0","article-title":"Palaeoenvironmental significance of a monospecific assemblage of dinoflagellate cysts from the Miocene Clarkia Beds, Idaho, USA","volume":"153","author":"Batten","year":"1999","journal-title":"Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.4880\/ref-5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1014905","DOI":"10.1080\/02724634.2015.1014905","article-title":"Cranial dimensions as estimators of body mass and locomotor habits in extant and fossil rodents","volume":"36","author":"Bertrand","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.7717\/peerj.4880\/ref-6","first-page":"41","article-title":"Stratigraphy, paleopedology, and geochemistry of the middle Miocene Mascall Formation (type area, central Oregon, USA)","volume":"28","author":"Bestland","year":"2008","journal-title":"Paleobiology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.4880\/ref-7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2307\/0.501.1","article-title":"Sciurus alleni","volume":"501","author":"Best","year":"1995a","journal-title":"Mammalian Species"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.4880\/ref-8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2307\/3504282","article-title":"Sciurus variegatoides","volume":"500","author":"Best","year":"1995b","journal-title":"Mammalian Species"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.4880\/ref-9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.5962\/bhl.title.61270","volume-title":"Anatomy of the Woodchuck (Marmota monax)","volume":"13","author":"Bezuidenhout","year":"2005"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.4880\/ref-10","article-title":"The Sciuridae (Rodentia: Mammalia) of Cave Basin (Oregon), a new middle Miocene microfossil locality","author":"Biedron","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.4880\/ref-11","first-page":"109","article-title":"A review of the North American Tertiary Sciuridae","volume":"130","author":"Black","year":"1963","journal-title":"Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.4880\/ref-12","volume-title":"An Analysis of the Natural Classifications of Mammalia: For the Use of Students and Travelers","author":"Bowdich","year":"1821"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.7717\/peerj.4880\/ref-13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.2307\/2421337","article-title":"Phylogeny of Nearctic Sciuridae","volume":"33","author":"Bryant","year":"1945","journal-title":"American Midland Naturalist"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.7717\/peerj.4880\/ref-14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1096-3642.2011.00765.x","article-title":"Intraspecific versus interspecific variation in Miocene Great Basin mylagaulids: implications for systematics and evolutionary history","volume":"164","author":"Calede","year":"2012a","journal-title":"Zoological Journal of the Linnaean Society"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.4880\/ref-15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1080\/02724634.2012.634356","article-title":"New material of Alphagaulus pristinus (Mammalia: Rodentia: Mylagaulidae) from the Deep River Formation (Montana, USA): implications for ecology, ontogeny, and phylogeny","volume":"32","author":"Calede","year":"2012b","journal-title":"Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"10.7717\/peerj.4880\/ref-16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.palaeo.2011.09.002","article-title":"Turnover in burrowing rodents: the roles of competition and habitat change","volume":"311","author":"Calede","year":"2011","journal-title":"Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.7717\/peerj.4880\/ref-17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1093\/aesa\/24.2.307","article-title":"Insects from the Miocene (Latah) of Washington","volume":"24","author":"Carpenter","year":"1931","journal-title":"Annals of the Entomological Society of America"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.4880\/ref-18","first-page":"23","article-title":"The Mascall flora: its distribution and climatic relation","volume":"349","author":"Chaney","year":"1925","journal-title":"Carnegie Institute of Washington Publication"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.4880\/ref-19","first-page":"1","article-title":"Miocene floras of the Columbia Plateau, Part I: composition and interpretation","volume":"617","author":"Chaney","year":"1959","journal-title":"Carnegie Institute of Washington Contributions to Paleontology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.4880\/ref-20","first-page":"135","article-title":"Miocene floras of the Columbia Plateau, Part II: systematic considerations","volume":"617","author":"Chaney","year":"1959","journal-title":"Carnegie Institute of Washington Contributions to Paleontology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.7717\/peerj.4880\/ref-21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1017\/pab.2014.14","article-title":"A multivariate approach to infer locomotor modes in Mesozoic mammals","volume":"41","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Paleobiology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.4880\/ref-22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1644\/879.1","article-title":"Geomys bursarius (Rodentia: Geomyidae)","volume":"43","author":"Connior","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mammalian Species"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.7717\/peerj.4880\/ref-23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.2307\/1379912","article-title":"Early Blancan mammals of the beck ranch local fauna of Texas","volume":"59","author":"Dalquest","year":"1978","journal-title":"Journal of Mammalogy"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.4880\/ref-24","first-page":"357","article-title":"Adversaria zoologica","volume":"5","author":"De Waldheim","year":"1817","journal-title":"M\u00e9moires de la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Imp\u00e9riale des Naturalistes de Moscou"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.4880\/ref-25","first-page":"62","article-title":"Anceney local mammal fauna, latest miocene, Madison valley formation, Montana","volume":"30","author":"Dorr","year":"1956","journal-title":"Journal of Paleontology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.4880\/ref-26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.5962\/p.78052","article-title":"New vertebrates from the Montana Tertiary","volume":"2","author":"Douglass","year":"1903","journal-title":"Annals of the Carnegie Museum"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.4880\/ref-27","first-page":"199","article-title":"The Mascall fauna from the Miocene of Oregon","volume":"31","author":"Downs","year":"1956","journal-title":"University of California Publications in Geological Sciences"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.4880\/ref-28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5479\/si.00810266.47.1","article-title":"Descriptive and comparative osteology of the oldest fossil squirrel, Protosciurus (Rodentia: Sciuridae)","volume":"47","author":"Emry","year":"1982","journal-title":"Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.4880\/ref-29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1671\/0272-4634(2005)025[0228:atsrss]2.0.co;2","article-title":"A tree squirrel (Rodentia, Sciuridae, Sciurini) from the late Miocene (Clarendonian) of Nevada","volume":"25","author":"Emry","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.4880\/ref-30","first-page":"1","article-title":"Osteology of Mylagaulus laevis, a fossorial rodent from the Upper Miocene of Colorado","volume":"9","author":"Fagan","year":"1960","journal-title":"University of Kansas Paleontological Contributions"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.4880\/ref-31","article-title":"The Succor Creek flora of the Middle Miocene Sucker Formation, southwestern Idaho and eastern Oregon; systematics and paleoecology","author":"Fields","year":"1996"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.4880\/ref-32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511541438.023","article-title":"Aplodontoidea","volume-title":"Evolution of Tertiary Mammals of North America Volume 2: Small Mammals, Xenarthrans, and Marine Mammals","author":"Flynn","year":"2008a"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.4880\/ref-33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511541438.024","article-title":"Castoroidea","volume-title":"Evolution of Tertiary Mammals of North America Volume 2: Small Mammals, Xenarthrans, and Marine Mammals","author":"Flynn","year":"2008b"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.4880\/ref-34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511541438.027","article-title":"Geomorpha","volume-title":"Evolution of Tertiary Mammals of North America Volume 2: Small Mammals, Xenarthrans, and Marine Mammals","author":"Flynn","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.4880\/ref-35","first-page":"85","article-title":"On Mesogaulus paniensis (Rodentia) from Hemingfordian (middle Micoene) deposits in northeastern Colorado","volume":"9","author":"Galbreath","year":"1984","journal-title":"Special Publication of the Carnegie Museum of Natural History"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.4880\/ref-36","first-page":"37","article-title":"A Miocene mammalian fauna from south-eastern Oregon","volume":"418","author":"Gazin","year":"1932","journal-title":"Carnegie Institution of Washington Publications"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.4880\/ref-37","article-title":"Tephrochronology of the mid-Miocene Clarkia Lake sedimentary deposits","author":"Geraghty","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.4880\/ref-38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511541438.022","article-title":"Sciuridae","volume-title":"Evolution of Tertiary Mammals of North America Volume 2: Small Mammals, Xenarthrans, and Marine Mammals","author":"Goodwin","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.4880\/ref-39","first-page":"185","article-title":"Interpretation of co-ocurring megafossils and pollen: a comparative study with Clarkia as an example","volume-title":"Late Cenozoic History of the Pacific Northwest","author":"Gray","year":"1985"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.4880\/ref-40","article-title":"Effects of the mid-Miocene climatic optimum on ecosystem structure and plant-animal interactions: a phytolith and stable isotope perspective","author":"Harris","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.4880\/ref-41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.palaeo.2017.06.029","article-title":"Vegetation response during the lead-up to the middle Miocene warming event in the Northern Rocky Mountains, USA","volume":"485","author":"Harris","year":"2017","journal-title":"Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.4880\/ref-42","article-title":"Paleomagnetics and biostratigraphy of the Pine Ridge Arikaree Group (late Oligocene-early Miocene), Nebraska","author":"Hayes","year":"2005"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.7717\/peerj.4880\/ref-43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.1644\/07-mamm-a-217.1","article-title":"Patterns of body and tail length and body mass in Sciuridae","volume":"89","author":"Hayssen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Mammalogy"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.7717\/peerj.4880\/ref-44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1644\/07-mamm-a-309.1","article-title":"Generic revision in the Holarctic ground squirrel genus Spermophilus","volume":"90","author":"Helgen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Mammalogy"},{"issue":"2\u20134","key":"10.7717\/peerj.4880\/ref-45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.palaeo.2006.10.006","article-title":"Causes of lineage decline in the Aplodontidae: testing for the influence of physical and biological change","volume":"246","author":"Hopkins","year":"2007","journal-title":"Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.7717\/peerj.4880\/ref-46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1096-3642.2008.00399.x","article-title":"Phylogeny and evolutionary history of the Aplodontoidea (Mammalia: Rodentia)","volume":"153","author":"Hopkins","year":"2008a","journal-title":"Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.4880\/ref-47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1644\/06-mamm-a-306.1","article-title":"Reassessing the mass of exceptionally large rodents using toothrow length and area as proxies for body mass","volume":"89","author":"Hopkins","year":"2008b","journal-title":"Journal of Mammalogy"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.7717\/peerj.4880\/ref-48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1016\/0146-6380(95)80001-8","article-title":"Molecular and isotopic biogeochemistry of the Miocene Clarkia Formation: hydrocarbons and alcohols","volume":"23","author":"Huang","year":"1995","journal-title":"Organic Geochemistry"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.4880\/ref-49","first-page":"151","article-title":"Climate change 2014: synthesis report","volume-title":"Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change","author":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)","year":"2014"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.7717\/peerj.4880\/ref-50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.3732\/ajb.91.4.615","article-title":"DNA sequences from Miocene fossils: an ndhF sequence of Magnolia latahensis (Magnoliaceae) and an rbcL sequence of Persea pseudocarolinensis (Lauraceae)","volume":"91","author":"Kim","year":"2004","journal-title":"American Journal of Botany"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.4880\/ref-51","first-page":"17","article-title":"Flora of the Latah Formation of Spokane, Washington and Coeur d\u2019Alene, Idaho","volume":"140","author":"Knowlton","year":"1925","journal-title":"USGS Professional Paper"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.4880\/ref-52","first-page":"1","article-title":"Fossil flora of the John Day Basin, Oregon","volume":"204","author":"Knowlton","year":"1902","journal-title":"U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.7717\/peerj.4880\/ref-53","first-page":"48","article-title":"Tectonic controls on isotope compositions and species diversification, John Day Basin, central Oregon","volume":"27","author":"Kohn","year":"2007","journal-title":"Paleobiology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.4880\/ref-54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.5962\/p.215191","article-title":"Review of Miocene (Hemingfordian to Clarendonian) mylagaulid rodents (Mammalia) from Nebraska","volume":"69","author":"Korth","year":"2000","journal-title":"Annals of the Carnegie Museum"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.4880\/ref-55","first-page":"1","article-title":"Topotypic cranial material of the beaver Monosaulax pansus Cope (Rodentia, Castoridae)","volume":"4","author":"Korth","year":"2002","journal-title":"Paludicola"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.7717\/peerj.4880\/ref-56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.1017\/s0022336000033291","article-title":"The skull of Cedromus and a review of the Cedromurinae (Rodentia, Sciuridae)","volume":"65","author":"Korth","year":"1991","journal-title":"Journal of Paleontology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.4880\/ref-57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.2992\/007.083.0102","article-title":"New rodent material from the John Day Formation (Arikareean, middle Oligocene to early Miocene) of Oregon","volume":"83","author":"Korth","year":"2015","journal-title":"Annals of the Carnegie Museum"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.7717\/peerj.4880\/ref-58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.3955\/046.089.0402","article-title":"Volcanic ash layers in the Miocene Lake Clarkia beds: geochemistry, regional correlation, and age of the Clarkia flora","volume":"89","author":"Ladderud","year":"2015","journal-title":"Northwest Science"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.7717\/peerj.4880\/ref-59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1002\/mmnz.19990750209","article-title":"A proposal for a new classification and nomenclature for the Glires (Lagomorpha and Rodentia)","volume":"75","author":"Landry","year":"1999","journal-title":"Zoosystematics & Evolution"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.4880\/ref-60","first-page":"245","article-title":"Miocene insects from the Clarkia deposits of northern Idaho","volume-title":"Late Cenozoic History of the Pacific Northwest","author":"Lewis","year":"1985"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.4880\/ref-61","volume-title":"Systema Naturae","author":"Linnaeus","year":"1758"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.7717\/peerj.4880\/ref-62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1016\/S0146-6380(00)00107-8","article-title":"Chemotaxonomic classification of fossil leaves from the Miocene Clarkia lake deposit, Idaho, USA based on n-alkyl lipid distributions and principal component analyses","volume":"31","author":"Lockheart","year":"2000","journal-title":"Organic Geochemistry"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.7717\/peerj.4880\/ref-63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2246","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.90.6.2246","article-title":"Structural biopolymer preservation in Miocene leaf fossils from the Clarkia Site, Northern Idaho","volume":"90","author":"Logan","year":"1993","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.7717\/peerj.4880\/ref-64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-7037(94)00362-P","article-title":"Preservation of fossil leaf waxes in association with their source tissues, Clarkia, northern Idaho, USA","volume":"59","author":"Logan","year":"1995","journal-title":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.7717\/peerj.4880\/ref-65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1007\/bf01041591","article-title":"Monophyly or polyphyly of the Order Rodentia: possible conflict between morphological and molecular interpretations","volume":"1","author":"Luckett","year":"1993","journal-title":"Journal of Mammalian Evolution"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.4880\/ref-66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.palaeo.2015.03.012","article-title":"Dietary niche stability of equids across the mid-Miocene Climatic Optimum in Oregon, USA","volume":"426","author":"Maguire","year":"2015","journal-title":"Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.4880\/ref-67","first-page":"1","article-title":"The fauna and chronostratigraphy of the middle Miocene Mascall type area, John Day Basin, Oregon, USA","volume":"35","author":"Maguire","year":"2018","journal-title":"Paleobiology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.4880\/ref-68","article-title":"The mammalian fauna of the lower Miocene Gering Formation of western Nebraska and the early evolution of the North American Cricetidae","author":"Martin","year":"1973"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.4880\/ref-69","first-page":"361","article-title":"A Pliocene fauna from western Nebraska","volume":"26","author":"Matthew","year":"1909","journal-title":"Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.4880\/ref-70","first-page":"199","volume-title":"Tertiary Mammal Beds of Virgin Valley and Thousand Creek in Northwestern Nevada","volume":"6","author":"Merriam","year":"1911"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.4880\/ref-71","author":"Morea","year":"1981","journal-title":"The Massacre Lake local fauna (Mammalia, Hemingfordian) from northwestern Washoe County, Nevada"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.4880\/ref-72","first-page":"1","article-title":"A new species of Gregorymys (Rodentia, Geomyidae) from the Miocene of Colorado","volume":"26","author":"Munthe","year":"1977","journal-title":"Paleobiology"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.7717\/peerj.4880\/ref-73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e44205","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0044205","article-title":"Neogene fallout tuffs from the Yellowstone hotspot in the Columbia Plateau region, Oregon, Washington, and Idaho, USA","volume":"7","author":"Nash","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.7717\/peerj.4880\/ref-74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1666\/13006","article-title":"Oligo-Miocene climate change and mammal body-size evolution in the northwest United States: a test of Bergmann\u2019s rule","volume":"39","author":"Orcutt","year":"2013","journal-title":"Paleobiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.4880\/ref-75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1007\/s12549-013-0148-2","article-title":"Euroxenomys minutus minutus (Rodentia, Castoridae) from Gratkorn (Austria, Styria)","volume":"94","author":"Prieto","year":"2014","journal-title":"Palaeobiodiversity & Palaeoenvironments"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.7717\/peerj.4880\/ref-76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1086\/512753","article-title":"Cenozoic paleoclimate on land in North America","volume":"115","author":"Retallack","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Geology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.4880\/ref-77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1086\/512753","article-title":"Cenozoic cooling and grassland expansion in Oregon and Washington","volume":"28","author":"Retallack","year":"2009","journal-title":"Paleobiology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.4880\/ref-78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.2992\/0145-9058(2004)36[211:tpsoee]2.0.co;2","article-title":"The postcranial skeleton of early Eocene rodents","volume":"36","author":"Rose","year":"2004","journal-title":"Bulletin of Carnegie Museum of Natural History"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.7717\/peerj.4880\/ref-79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1387","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.10662","article-title":"Skeletal indicators of locomotor adaptations in living and extinct rodents","volume":"269","author":"Samuels","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Morphology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.4880\/ref-80","author":"Scharf","year":"1932","journal-title":"A Miocene Mammalian Fauna from Sucker Creek, Southeastern Oregon"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.7717\/peerj.4880\/ref-81","first-page":"27","article-title":"Using paleosols of the Picture Gorge Basalt to reconstruct the middle Miocene climatic optimum","volume":"26","author":"Sheldon","year":"2006","journal-title":"Paleobiology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.7717\/peerj.4880\/ref-82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.2307\/2405958","article-title":"Evolution and biogeography of the aplodontid and mylagaulid rodents","volume":"12","author":"Shotwell","year":"1958","journal-title":"Evolution"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.4880\/ref-83","first-page":"1","article-title":"Miocene mammals of southeast Oregon","volume":"14","author":"Shotwell","year":"1968","journal-title":"Bulletin of the University of Oregon Museum of Natural History"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.4880\/ref-84","first-page":"833","article-title":"Preservation of Miocene fossils in unoxidized lake deposits, Clarkia, Idaho","volume":"49","author":"Smiley","year":"1975","journal-title":"Journal of Paleontology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.4880\/ref-85","first-page":"11","article-title":"Physical setting of the Miocene Clarkia fossil beds, northern Idaho","volume-title":"Late Cenozoic History of the Pacific Northwest","author":"Smiley","year":"1985a"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.4880\/ref-86","first-page":"95","article-title":"Composition of the Miocene Clarkia flora","volume-title":"Late Cenozoic History of the Pacific Northwest","author":"Smiley","year":"1985b"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.4880\/ref-87","first-page":"85","article-title":"Environmental interpretation of burial and preservation of Clarkia fishes","volume-title":"Late Cenozoic History of the Pacific Northwest","author":"Smith","year":"1985"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.4880\/ref-88","first-page":"75","article-title":"Taxonomy of fishes from Miocene Clarkia lake beds, Idaho","volume-title":"Late Cenozoic History of the Pacific Northwest","author":"Smith","year":"1985"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.4880\/ref-89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.89.1.449","article-title":"An rbcL sequence from a Miocene Taxodium (bald cypress)","volume":"89","author":"Soltis","year":"1992","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.4880\/ref-90","first-page":"391","article-title":"A review of Tertiary beavers","volume":"29","author":"Stirton","year":"1935","journal-title":"University of California Publications in Geological Sciences"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.4880\/ref-91","first-page":"1","article-title":"Blancan mammalian fauna and Pleistocene formations, Hudspeth County, Texas","volume":"10","author":"Strain","year":"1966","journal-title":"Bulletin of the Texas Memorial Museum"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.4880\/ref-92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-earth-040809-152402","article-title":"Evolution of grasses and grassland ecosystems","volume":"39","author":"Str\u00f6mberg","year":"2011","journal-title":"Annual Review of Earth Planetary Science"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"10.7717\/peerj.4880\/ref-93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1016\/j.palaeo.2007.06.023","article-title":"Influence of paleorelief on the Mid-Miocene climate variation in southeastern Washington, northeastern Oregon, and western Idaho, USA","volume":"254","author":"Takeuchi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.7717\/peerj.4880\/ref-94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1130\/0016-7606(1981)92<1008:mbotlc>2.0.co;2","article-title":"Mammalian biochronology of the late Cenozoic basins of New Mexico","volume":"92","author":"Tedford","year":"1981","journal-title":"Geological Society of America Bulletin"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.4880\/ref-95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.7312\/wood13040-008","article-title":"Mammalian biochronology of the Arikareean through Hemphillian interval (late Oligocene through early Pliocene Epochs)","volume-title":"Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic Mammals of North America","author":"Tedford","year":"2004"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.7717\/peerj.4880\/ref-96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.1671\/0272-4634(2005)025[0950:tdoifs]2.0.co;2","article-title":"The difficulties of identifying flying squirrels (Sciuridae: Pteromyini) in the fossil record","volume":"25","author":"Thorington","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.7717\/peerj.4880\/ref-97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1002\/(sici)1097-4687(199711)234:2<155::aid-jmor4>3.3.co;2-c","article-title":"Comparative myology of the forelimb of squirrels (Sciuridae)","volume":"234","author":"Thorington","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of Morphology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.4880\/ref-98","first-page":"69","article-title":"Thecamoebian scales from a Miocene lacustrine deposit in northern Idaho","volume-title":"Late Cenozoic History of the Pacific Northwest","author":"Williams","year":"1985"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.4880\/ref-99","first-page":"1","article-title":"Early Miocene rodents and insectivores from northeastern Colorado","volume":"7","author":"Wilson","year":"1960","journal-title":"University of Kansas Paleontological Contributions"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.7717\/peerj.4880\/ref-100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1016\/S0146-6380(02)00212-7","article-title":"Preservation of lipid hydrogen isotope ratios in Miocene lacustrine sediments and plant fossils at Clarkia, northern Idaho, USA","volume":"34","author":"Yang","year":"2003","journal-title":"Organic Geochemistry"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.4880\/ref-101","first-page":"52","article-title":"Subsurface evidence for rapid formation of the Clarkia Miocene lake in northern Idaho","volume":"69","author":"Yang","year":"1995","journal-title":"Northwest Science"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.7717\/peerj.4880\/ref-102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1007\/s12549-011-0056-2","article-title":"\u2018CLAMP Online\u2019: a new web-based palaeoclimate tool and its application to the terrestrial Paleogene and Neogene of North America","volume":"91","author":"Yang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments"},{"issue":"5517","key":"10.7717\/peerj.4880\/ref-103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1059412","article-title":"Trends, rhythms, and aberrations in global climate 65 Ma to present","volume":"292","author":"Zachos","year":"2001","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"7176","key":"10.7717\/peerj.4880\/ref-104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06588","article-title":"An early Cenozoic perspective on greenhouse warming and carbon-cycle dynamics","volume":"451","author":"Zachos","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature"}],"container-title":["PeerJ"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/4880.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/4880.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/4880.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/4880.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,25]],"date-time":"2022-08-25T03:43:31Z","timestamp":1661399011000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/4880"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,8]]},"references-count":104,"alternative-id":["10.7717\/peerj.4880"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7717\/peerj.4880","archive":["CLOCKSS","LOCKSS","Portico"],"relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.7287\/peerj.4880v0.1\/reviews\/1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.7287\/peerj.4880v0.1\/reviews\/2","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2167-8359"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2167-8359","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,8]]},"article-number":"e4880"}}