{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T09:08:22Z","timestamp":1772269702224,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":100,"publisher":"PeerJ","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,25]],"date-time":"2018-06-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1529884800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["NRF-2012S1A5B6034265"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2012S1A5B6034265"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Supplemental feeding of free-roaming animals, including wildlife and feral or stray animals, is well known to have a substantial impact on various aspects of animal ecology including habitat use, activity patterns, and host-pathogen interactions. Among them, an increased population density (PD) of animals receiving supplemental food raises concerns regarding the transmission of pathogens in these host populations. The primary aim of this study was to investigate how supplemental feeding is associated with host PD and prevalence of pathogens with different transmission modes in urban stray cats. We hypothesized that supplemental feeding would be positively associated with host PD and the prevalence of pathogens with density-dependent transmission modes compared with pathogens with transmission modes that are considered relatively density-independent.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This study was conducted in six districts in Seoul, Republic of Korea which were selected based on different degrees of supplemental feeding and cat caretaker activity (CCA). The PD of stray cats was estimated by mark-recapture surveys. Stray cat blood samples (\n                      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 302) were collected from stray cats by local animal hospitals from each district performing the trap-neuter-release which tested for eight pathogens with different transmission modes (feline immunodeficiency virus, feline leukemia virus (FeLV), feline panleukopenia virus, feline calicivirus, feline herpesvirus-1,\n                      <jats:italic>Bartonella henselae<\/jats:italic>\n                      , hemoplasma, and\n                      <jats:italic>Toxoplasma gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) with molecular or serological assays. Associations between the prevalence of each pathogen and PD, CCA, and sex of cats were statistically analyzed.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In contrast to initial predictions, the cat PD was generally higher in low CCA districts. The prevalence of (FeLV), which is transmitted through direct contact, was significantly higher in areas with a high CCA, conforming to our hypothesis. On the other hand, the prevalence of feline parvovirus, which can be spread by environmental transmission, was higher in low CCA districts. The remaining six pathogens did not show any association with the CCA; however, they had a unique association with the PD or the sex of the stray cats.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our findings suggest that in addition to influencing the PD, supplemental feeding may affect the prevalence of pathogens in urban animals by mechanisms such as increased aggregation and\/or altered foraging strategies, with different consequences depending on the transmission mode of each pathogen.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.4988","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,25]],"date-time":"2018-06-25T03:32:17Z","timestamp":1529897537000},"page":"e4988","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Disentangling the link between supplemental feeding, population density, and the prevalence of pathogens in urban stray cats"],"prefix":"10.7717","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9628-9595","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jusun","family":"Hwang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Veterinary Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicole L.","family":"Gottdenker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dae-Hyun","family":"Oh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ho-Woo","family":"Nam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Parasitic Disease Research Institute, College of Medicine, Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hang","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Myung-Sun","family":"Chun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"4443","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,25]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1815","key":"10.7717\/peerj.4988\/ref-1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20151429","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2015.1429","article-title":"Feeder use predicts both acquisition and transmission of a contagious pathogen in a North American songbird","volume":"282","author":"Adelman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.4988\/ref-2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2013.09.006","article-title":"Environmental determinants of spatial and temporal variations in the transmission of Toxoplasma gondii in its definitive hosts","volume":"2","author":"Afonso","year":"2013","journal-title":"International Journal for Parasitology Parasites and Wildlife"},{"issue":"14","key":"10.7717\/peerj.4988\/ref-3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1963","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182007003320","article-title":"Toxoplasmosis in prey species and consequences for prevalence in feral cats: not all prey species are equal","volume":"134","author":"Afonso","year":"2007","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.7717\/peerj.4988\/ref-4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.3844\/ajavsp.2011.125.129","article-title":"Occurrence of feline immunodeficiency virus and feline leukemia virus infection in cats","volume":"6","author":"Alves","year":"2011","journal-title":"American Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.4988\/ref-5","volume-title":"National survey on public attitude toward animal protection","author":"Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency","year":"2015"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.7717\/peerj.4988\/ref-6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1007\/s10393-014-0975-2","article-title":"Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) and free-roaming cats (Felis catus) across a suburban to urban gradient in Northeastern Ohio","volume":"12","author":"Ballash","year":"2015","journal-title":"EcoHealth"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.7717\/peerj.4988\/ref-7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfms.2004.07.004","article-title":"Epidemiologic evaluation of multiple respiratory pathogens in cats in animal shelters","volume":"7","author":"Bannasch","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.7717\/peerj.4988\/ref-8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0587.1997.tb00371.x","article-title":"Home range size, habitat utilisation and movement patterns of suburban and farm cats Felis catus","volume":"20","author":"Barratt","year":"1997","journal-title":"Ecography"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.4988\/ref-9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7998.2011.00887.x","article-title":"Big city life: carnivores in urban environments","volume":"287","author":"Bateman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Zoology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.4988\/ref-10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v067.i01","article-title":"Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4","volume":"1","author":"Bates","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Statistical Software"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.7717\/peerj.4988\/ref-11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20140309","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2014.0309","article-title":"Too much of a good thing: resource provisioning alters infectious disease dynamics in wildlife","volume":"10","author":"Becker","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biology Letters"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.7717\/peerj.4988\/ref-12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1111\/ele.12428","article-title":"Linking anthropogenic resources to wildlife\u2013pathogen dynamics: a review and meta-analysis","volume":"18","author":"Becker","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ecology Letters"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.4988\/ref-13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1017\/s0950268802007148","article-title":"A clarification of transmission terms in host-microparasite models: numbers, densities and areas","volume":"129","author":"Begon","year":"2002","journal-title":"Epidemiology and Infection"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.4988\/ref-14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-017-0953-3","article-title":"Risk factors of different hemoplasma species infections in cats","volume":"13","author":"Bergmann","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Veterinary Research"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.7717\/peerj.4988\/ref-15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1543","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-011-9839-8","article-title":"Serological survey of African horse sickness in selected districts of Jimma zone, Southwestern Ethiopia","volume":"43","author":"Bitew","year":"2011","journal-title":"Tropical Animal Health and Production"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.7717\/peerj.4988\/ref-16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1890\/ES14-00181.1","article-title":"A multi-scale assessment of animal aggregation patterns to understand increasing pathogen seroprevalence","volume":"5","author":"Brennan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ecosphere"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.4988\/ref-17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4757-2917-7_3","article-title":"Practical use of the information-theoretic approach","volume-title":"Model Selection and Inference: A Practical Information-Theoretic Approach","author":"Burnham","year":"1998"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.4988\/ref-18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.2307\/5003","article-title":"Urban cat populations compared by season, subhabitat and supplemental feeding","volume":"58","author":"Calhoon","year":"1989","journal-title":"Journal of Animal Ecology"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.7717\/peerj.4988\/ref-19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1627","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2002.220.1627","article-title":"Characteristics of free-roaming cats and their caretakers","volume":"220","author":"Centonze","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.7717\/peerj.4988\/ref-20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1051\/vetres\/2009011","article-title":"Ecological fitness and strategies of adaptation of Bartonella species to their hosts and vectors","volume":"40","author":"Chomel","year":"2009","journal-title":"Veterinary Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.4988\/ref-21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1374.080","article-title":"Bartonella infection in domestic cats and wild felids","volume":"1078","author":"Chomel","year":"2006","journal-title":"Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.4988\/ref-22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.3347\/kjp.2011.49.3.207","article-title":"Development and clinical evaluation of a rapid serodiagnostic test for toxoplasmosis of cats using recombinant SAG1 antigen","volume":"49","author":"Chong","year":"2011","journal-title":"Korean Journal of Parasitology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.4988\/ref-23","article-title":"Program mark. A Gentle Introduction","author":"Cooch","year":"2001"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.7717\/peerj.4988\/ref-24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1071\/wr99049","article-title":"Transmission of feline immunodeficiency virus in a population of cats (Felis catus)","volume":"27","author":"Courchamp","year":"2000","journal-title":"Wildlife Research"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.7717\/peerj.4988\/ref-25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/s0378-1135(03)00044-0","article-title":"Presence of Mycoplasma haemofelis, Mycoplasma haemominutum and piroplasmids in cats from southern Europe: a molecular study","volume":"93","author":"Criado-Fornelio","year":"2003","journal-title":"Veterinary Microbiology"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.7717\/peerj.4988\/ref-26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1320","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.241.10.1320","article-title":"Prevalence of serum antibody titers against feline panleukopenia virus, feline herpesvirus 1, and feline calicivirus in cats entering a Florida animal shelter","volume":"241","author":"DiGangi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.7717\/peerj.4988\/ref-27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.2307\/2265573","article-title":"The population dynamics of brucellosis in the Yellowstone National Park","volume":"77","author":"Dobson","year":"1996","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.7717\/peerj.4988\/ref-28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2656.2002.00656.x","article-title":"Parasite transmission: reconciling theory and reality","volume":"71","author":"Fenton","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Animal Ecology"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.7717\/peerj.4988\/ref-29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.238.9.1141","article-title":"Behavioral differences between urban feeding groups of neutered and sexually intact free-roaming cats following a trap-neuter-return procedure","volume":"238","author":"Finkler","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.7717\/peerj.4988\/ref-30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1071\/wr10215","article-title":"The influence of neighbourhood socio-demographic factors on densities of free-roaming cat populations in an urban ecosystem in Israel","volume":"38","author":"Finkler","year":"2011a","journal-title":"Wildlife Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.4988\/ref-31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.2752\/175303711X12923300467320","article-title":"The impact of anthropogenic factors on the behavior, reproduction, management and welfare of urban, free-roaming cat populations","volume":"24","author":"Finkler","year":"2011b","journal-title":"Anthrozo\u00f6s"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.7717\/peerj.4988\/ref-32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2009.11.014","article-title":"Cortisol levels and aggression in neutered and intact free-roaming female cats living in urban social groups","volume":"99","author":"Finkler","year":"2010","journal-title":"Physiology & Behavior"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.7717\/peerj.4988\/ref-33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/2005124339","article-title":"Echinococcus multlocularis infections of rural, residential and urban foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in the canton of Geneva, Switzerland","volume":"12","author":"Fischer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Parasite"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.7717\/peerj.4988\/ref-34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1111\/acv.12264","article-title":"Predicting free-roaming cat population densities in urban areas","volume":"19","author":"Flockhart","year":"2016","journal-title":"Animal Conservation"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.7717\/peerj.4988\/ref-35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1002\/jwmg.312","article-title":"Effects of supplemental feeding and aggregation on fecal glucocorticoid metabolite concentrations in elk","volume":"76","author":"Forristal","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Wildlife Management"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.7717\/peerj.4988\/ref-36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e7377","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0007377","article-title":"Using dynamic stochastic modelling to estimate population risk factors in infectious disease: the example of FIV in 15 cat populations","volume":"4","author":"Fouchet","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"issue":"20","key":"10.7717\/peerj.4988\/ref-37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E2648","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1501489112","article-title":"Supplementary feeding restructures urban bird communities","volume":"112","author":"Galbraith","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"issue":"01","key":"10.7717\/peerj.4988\/ref-38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1017\/S095283690500734X","article-title":"The influence of food and temperature on population density of wild boar Sus scrofa in the Thurgau (Switzerland)","volume":"267","author":"Geisser","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Zoology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.7717\/peerj.4988\/ref-39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1863-2378.2012.01522.x","article-title":"Zoonotic diseases associated with free-roaming cats","volume":"60","author":"Gerhold","year":"2013","journal-title":"Zoonoses and Public Health"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.7717\/peerj.4988\/ref-40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1667","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0706.2008.16783.x","article-title":"Testing a key assumption of host-pathogen theory: density and disease transmission","volume":"117","author":"Greer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Oikos"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.7717\/peerj.4988\/ref-41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1007\/s11252-011-0218-z","article-title":"Raccoon use of the urban matrix in the Baltimore Metropolitan Area, Maryland","volume":"15","author":"Gross","year":"2012","journal-title":"Urban Ecosystems"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.7717\/peerj.4988\/ref-42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1134","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.238.9.1134","article-title":"Demographic differences between urban feeding groups of neutered and sexually intact free-roaming cats following a trap-neuter-return procedure","volume":"238","author":"Gunther","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.4988\/ref-43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1515\/mamm.2009.072","article-title":"Use of photographic capture-recapture sampling to estimate density of Striped Hyena (Hyaena hyaena): implications for conservation","volume":"74","author":"Harihar","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mammalia"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.7717\/peerj.4988\/ref-44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.1002\/jwmg.145","article-title":"Home range, habitat use, and activity patterns of free-roaming domestic cats","volume":"75","author":"Horn","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Wildlife Management"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.7717\/peerj.4988\/ref-45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0804.010228","article-title":"Feline host range of canine parvovirus: recent emergence of new antigenic types in cats","volume":"8","author":"Ikeda","year":"2002","journal-title":"Emerging Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.4988\/ref-46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.11238\/jmammsocjapan1952.9.219","article-title":"Daily Activities of the Feral Cat Felis catus LINN","volume":"9","author":"Izawa","year":"1983","journal-title":"Journal of the Mammalogical Society of Japan"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.4988\/ref-47","article-title":"Social organization and behavioiural patterns of a neutered feral cat colony in an urban environment (Felis catus)","author":"Jeon","year":"2011"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.7717\/peerj.4988\/ref-48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e34069","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0034069","article-title":"Demographic and phenotypic effects of human mediated trophic subsidy on a large australian lizard (Varanus varius): meal ticket or last supper?","volume":"7","author":"Jessop","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.4988\/ref-49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1007\/s11252-016-0583-8","article-title":"Estimating free-roaming cat populations and the effects of one year Trap-Neuter-Return management effort in a highly urban area","volume":"20","author":"Kilgour","year":"2017","journal-title":"Urban Ecosystems"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.7717\/peerj.4988\/ref-50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1175\/JAM2226.1","article-title":"Spatial and temporal structure of the urban heat Island in Seoul","volume":"44","author":"Kim","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Meteorology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.7717\/peerj.4988\/ref-51","first-page":"113","article-title":"Socioeconomic characteristics and cat caretaking behavior of cat caretakers in Korea","volume":"52","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Korean Veterinary Medical Association"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.4988\/ref-52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.2307\/2680129","article-title":"The effect of host density on ectoparasite distribution: an example of a rodent parasitized by Fleas","volume":"83","author":"Krasnov","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.4988\/ref-53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2002.220.38","article-title":"Use of serologic tests to predict resistance to feline herpesvirus 1, feline calicivirus, and feline parvovirus infection in cats","volume":"220","author":"Lappin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.4988\/ref-54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1645\/GE-2455.1","article-title":"Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection in feral cats in Seoul, Korea","volume":"97","author":"Lee","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Parasitology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.7717\/peerj.4988\/ref-55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2002.220.620","article-title":"Prevalence of feline leukemia virus infection and serum antibodies against feline immunodeficiency virus in unowned free-roaming cats","volume":"220","author":"Lee","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.7717\/peerj.4988\/ref-56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tpb.2010.05.005","article-title":"Transmission dynamics of Toxoplasma gondii along an urban-rural gradient","volume":"78","author":"Lelu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Theoretical Population Biology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.7717\/peerj.4988\/ref-57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1703.101290","article-title":"Serologic surveillance of anthrax in the Serengeti ecosystem, Tanzania, 1996\u20132009","volume":"17","author":"Lembo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Emerging Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.4988\/ref-58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2015.07.002","article-title":"A review of cat behavior in relation to disease risk and management options","volume":"173","author":"Lepczyk","year":"2015","journal-title":"Applied Animal Behaviour Science"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.7717\/peerj.4988\/ref-59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.228.3.371","article-title":"Seroprevalence of feline leukemia virus and feline immunodeficiency virus infection among cats in North America and risk factors for seropositivity","volume":"228","author":"Levy","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.4988\/ref-60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1638\/03-059","article-title":"Serologic survey of domestic felids in the Pet\u00e9n Region of Guatemala","volume":"36","author":"Lickey","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.7717\/peerj.4988\/ref-61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-1739.2009.01174.x","article-title":"Critical assessment of claims regarding management of feral cats by trap-neuter-return","volume":"23","author":"Longcore","year":"2009","journal-title":"Conservation Biology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.4988\/ref-62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-1795.2009.00300.x","article-title":"Effects of food supplementation on home-range size, reproductive success, productivity and recruitment in a small population of Iberian lynx","volume":"13","author":"L\u00f3pez-Bao","year":"2010","journal-title":"Animal Conservation"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.7717\/peerj.4988\/ref-63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfms.2009.05.005","article-title":"Feline leukaemia. ABCD guidelines on prevention and management","volume":"11","author":"Lutz","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.4988\/ref-64","article-title":"AICcmodavg: Model Selection and Multimodel Inference Based on (Q)AIC(c)","author":"Mazerolle","year":"2017"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.4988\/ref-65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-39.1.84","article-title":"Evaluation of the influence of supplemental feeding of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) on the prevalence of bovine tuberculosis in the Michigan wild deer population","volume":"39","author":"Miller","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Wildlife Diseases"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.4988\/ref-66","article-title":"Behavioral Heterogeneity and Disease Dynamics in House Finches (Haemorhous mexicanus)","author":"Moyers","year":"2017"},{"issue":"Part B","key":"10.7717\/peerj.4988\/ref-67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2016.10.034","article-title":"Wildlife health and supplemental feeding: a review and management recommendations","volume":"204","author":"Murray","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biological Conservation"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.4988\/ref-68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2004.06.011","article-title":"Bold attitude makes male urban feral domestic cats more vulnerable to feline immunodeficiency virus","volume":"29","author":"Natoli","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.7717\/peerj.4988\/ref-69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0135956","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0135956","article-title":"Comparison of Toxoplasma gondii seroprevalence in shelter cats and dogs during 1999\u20132001 and 2009\u20132011 in Tokyo, Japan","volume":"10","author":"Oi","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.7717\/peerj.4988\/ref-70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1501","DOI":"10.1111\/ele.12187","article-title":"Ecological and evolutionary implications of food subsidies from humans","volume":"16","author":"Oro","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ecology Letters"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.7717\/peerj.4988\/ref-71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1007\/s10764-013-9728-2","article-title":"Predictors of parasitism in wild white-faced capuchins (Cebus capucinus)","volume":"34","author":"Parr","year":"2013","journal-title":"International Journal of Primatology"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.7717\/peerj.4988\/ref-72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e44616","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0044616","article-title":"Opinions from the front lines of cat colony management conflict","volume":"7","author":"Peterson","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.4988\/ref-73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2002","DOI":"10.1038\/srep02002","article-title":"Winter food provisioning reduces future breeding performance in a wild bird","volume":"3","author":"Plummer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"issue":"2-3","key":"10.7717\/peerj.4988\/ref-74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crvi.2008.07.012","article-title":"When domestic cat (Felis silvestris catus) population structures interact with their viruses","volume":"332","author":"Pontier","year":"2009","journal-title":"Comptes Rendus Biologies"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.4988\/ref-75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/0376-6357(95)00070-4","article-title":"Male reproductive success in the domestic cat (Felis catus L.): a case history","volume":"37","author":"Pontier","year":"1996","journal-title":"Behavioural Processes"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.7717\/peerj.4988\/ref-76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2907.2004.00044.x","article-title":"Supplementary winter feeding of wild red deer Cervus elaphus in Europe and North America: justifications, feeding practice and effectiveness","volume":"34","author":"Putman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mammal Review"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.7717\/peerj.4988\/ref-77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfms.2009.05.004","article-title":"Feline calicivirus infection. ABCD guidelines on prevention and management","volume":"11","author":"Radford","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.7717\/peerj.4988\/ref-78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1051\/vetres:2006056","article-title":"Feline calicivirus","volume":"38","author":"Radford","year":"2007","journal-title":"Veterinary Research"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.4988\/ref-79","first-page":"271","article-title":"Naturally acquired feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) infection in cats from western Canada: prevalence, disease associations, and survival analysis","volume":"51","author":"Ravi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Canadian Veterinary Journal"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.4988\/ref-80","author":"R Core Team","year":"2017","journal-title":"R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.4988\/ref-81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1071\/MU12053","article-title":"The influence of supplemental feeding on survival, dispersal and competition in translocated Brown Teal, or Pateke (Anas chlorotis)","volume":"113","author":"Rickett","year":"2013","journal-title":"Emu\u2013Austral Ornithology"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.7717\/peerj.4988\/ref-82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1890\/060152","article-title":"Food for thought: supplementary feeding as a driver of ecological change in avian populations","volume":"6","author":"Robb","year":"2008","journal-title":"Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.7717\/peerj.4988\/ref-83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1007\/s00442-010-1663-8","article-title":"Effects of density, climate, and supplementary forage on body mass and pregnancy rates of female red deer in Spain","volume":"164","author":"Rodriguez-Hidalgo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Oecologia"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.7717\/peerj.4988\/ref-84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-2427(84)90050-3","article-title":"The immunobiology of the feline leukemia virus","volume":"6","author":"Rojko","year":"1984","journal-title":"Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.7717\/peerj.4988\/ref-85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1207\/S15327604JAWS0503_04","article-title":"Body condition of feral cats and the effect of neutering","volume":"5","author":"Scott","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.7717\/peerj.4988\/ref-86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.2307\/1403646","article-title":"A review of estimating animal abundance II","volume":"60","author":"Seber","year":"1992","journal-title":"International Statistical Review\/Revue Internationale de Statistique"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.4988\/ref-87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.3354\/meps07299","article-title":"Costs of group-living for a normally solitary forager: effects of provisioning tourism on southern stingrays Dasyatis americana","volume":"357","author":"Semeniuk","year":"2008","journal-title":"Marine Ecology Progress Series"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.7717\/peerj.4988\/ref-88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X13514422","article-title":"Molecular study on selected vector-borne infections in urban stray colony cats in northern Italy","volume":"16","author":"Spada","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.4988\/ref-89","first-page":"979","article-title":"Infectious disease prevalence in a feral cat population on Prince Edward Island, Canada","volume":"52","author":"Stojanovic","year":"2011","journal-title":"Canadian Veterinary Journal"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.7717\/peerj.4988\/ref-90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.3377\/1562-7020-43.2.218","article-title":"Abundance and home ranges of feral cats in an urban conservancy where there is supplemental feeding: a case study from South Africa","volume":"43","author":"Tennent","year":"2008","journal-title":"African Zoology"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.7717\/peerj.4988\/ref-91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfms.2009.05.003","article-title":"Feline herpesvirus infection. ABCD guidelines on prevention and management","volume":"11","author":"Thiry","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.4988\/ref-92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1086\/285554","article-title":"Ranging characteristics of the domestic cat (Felis catus) in an urban environment","volume":"17","author":"Thomas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Urban Ecosystems"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.7717\/peerj.4988\/ref-93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1086\/285554","article-title":"Host and pathogen coexistence in sexually transmitted and vector-borne diseases characterized by frequency-dependent disease transmission","volume":"142","author":"Thrall","year":"1993","journal-title":"American Naturalist"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.7717\/peerj.4988\/ref-94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfms.2009.05.002","article-title":"Feline panleukopenia: ABCD guidelines on prevention and management","volume":"11","author":"Truyen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.7717\/peerj.4988\/ref-95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1007\/s00442-007-0690-6","article-title":"The importance of parasite life history and host density in predicting the impact of infections in red deer","volume":"152","author":"Vicente","year":"2007","journal-title":"Oecologia"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.4988\/ref-96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2016.03.004","article-title":"Prevalence, risk factor analysis, and hematological findings of hemoplasma infection in domestic cats from Valdivia, Southern Chile","volume":"46","author":"Walker Vergara","year":"2016","journal-title":"Comparative Immunology Microbiology and Infectious Diseases"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.4988\/ref-97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-5-190","article-title":"Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii antibodies, circulating antigens and DNA in stray cats in Shanghai, China","volume":"5","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Parasites & Vectors"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"10.7717\/peerj.4988\/ref-98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2007.06.027","article-title":"From Haemobartonella to hemoplasma: molecular methods provide new insights","volume":"125","author":"Willi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Veterinary Microbiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.4988\/ref-99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1007\/s00442-005-0018-3","article-title":"Altered parasite assemblages in raccoons in response to manipulated resource availability","volume":"144","author":"Wright","year":"2005","journal-title":"Oecologia"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.4988\/ref-100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268800052468","article-title":"Parasite prevalence in free-ranging farm cats, Felis silvestris catus","volume":"116","author":"Yamaguchi","year":"1996","journal-title":"Epidemiology and Infection"}],"container-title":["PeerJ"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/4988.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/4988.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/4988.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/4988.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,25]],"date-time":"2018-06-25T03:32:29Z","timestamp":1529897549000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/4988"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,25]]},"references-count":100,"alternative-id":["10.7717\/peerj.4988"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7717\/peerj.4988","archive":["CLOCKSS","LOCKSS","Portico"],"relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.7287\/peerj.4988v0.1\/reviews\/2","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.7287\/peerj.4988v0.1\/reviews\/1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2167-8359"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2167-8359","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,25]]},"article-number":"e4988"}}