{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T11:06:20Z","timestamp":1772276780694,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"PeerJ","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,29]],"date-time":"2018-08-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1535500800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Natural Science and Engineering Research Council (Discovery Grant) of Canada"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Previous research suggests motion induced fatigue contributes to significant performance degradation and is likely related to a higher incidence of accidents and injuries. However, the exact effect of continuous multidirectional platform perturbations on energy cost (EC) with experienced personnel on boats and other seafaring vessels remains unknown.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The objective of this experiment was to measure the metabolic ECs associated with maintaining postural stability in a motion-rich environment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Twenty volunteer participants, who were free of any musculoskeletal or balance disorders, performed three tasks while immersed in a moving environment that varied motion profiles similar to those experienced by workers on a mid-size commercial fishing vessel (static platform (baseline), low and high motions (HMs)). Cardiorespiratory parameters were collected using an indirect calorimetric system that continuously measured breath-by-breath samples. Heart rate was recoded using a wireless heart monitor.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Results indicate a systematic increase in metabolic costs associated with increased platform motions. The increases were most pronounced during the standing and lifting activities and were 50% greater during the HM condition when compared to no motion. Increased heart rates were also observed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Platform motions have a significant impact on metabolic costs that are both task and magnitude of motion dependent. Practitioners must take into consideration the influence of motion-rich environments upon the systematic accumulation of operator fatigue.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.5439","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,29]],"date-time":"2018-08-29T07:53:23Z","timestamp":1535529203000},"page":"e5439","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Energy cost associated with moving platforms"],"prefix":"10.7717","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2288-4922","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Carolyn A.","family":"Duncan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology and Integrative Physiology Michigan Tech Houghton, MI, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Scott N.","family":"MacKinnon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Maritime Studies, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jacques F.","family":"Marais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John\u2019s, NL, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0759-5583","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Fabien A.","family":"Basset","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John\u2019s, NL, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"4443","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.5439\/ref-1","volume-title":"Textbook of Work Physiology","author":"Astrand","year":"1986"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.5439\/ref-2","article-title":"1991\u20131992 motion induced interruptions (MII) and motion induced fatigue (MIF) experiments at the Naval Biodynamics Laboratory","author":"Baitis","year":"1995"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.7717\/peerj.5439\/ref-3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1016\/s0361-9230(98)00115-4","article-title":"Motion sickness: only one provocative conflict?","volume":"47","author":"Bles","year":"1998","journal-title":"Brain Research Bulletin"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.7717\/peerj.5439\/ref-4","first-page":"114","article-title":"The influence of ship movements on the energy expenditure of fishermen. A study during a North Sea voyage in calm weather","volume":"64","author":"Breidahl","year":"2013","journal-title":"International Maritime Health"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.5439\/ref-5","article-title":"Human factors in the Naval Environment: a review of motion sickness and Biodynamic problems","author":"Colwell","year":"1989"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.5439\/ref-6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1559-3584.2005.tb00322.x","article-title":"Modeling ship motion effects on human performance for real time simulation","volume":"117","author":"Colwell","year":"2005","journal-title":"Naval Engineers Journal"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.7717\/peerj.5439\/ref-7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jada.2006.02.009","article-title":"Best practice methods to apply to measurement of resting metabolic rate in adults: a systematic review","volume":"106","author":"Compher","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of the American Dietetic Association"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.5439\/ref-8","article-title":"Experiments to quantify the effects of ship motions on crew task performance\u2014Phase II, Assessment of Cognitive performances","author":"Crossland","year":"1994"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.5439\/ref-9","article-title":"Experiments to quantify the effects of ship motions on crew task performance\u2014Phase I, motion induced interruptions and motion induced fatigue","author":"Crossland","year":"1993"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.5439\/ref-10","volume-title":"High Speed Craft Human Factors Engineering Design Guide","author":"Dobbins","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.5439\/ref-11","article-title":"Critical significance of human factors in ship design","author":"Dobie","year":"2003"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.5439\/ref-12","volume-title":"Effects of Fatigue and Motion Sickness on Naval Task Performance","author":"Dobie","year":"2002"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.5439\/ref-13","first-page":"207","article-title":"Stepping response during constrained and unconstrained standing in moving environments","volume":"156","author":"Duncan","year":"2014a","journal-title":"International Journal of Maritime Engineering"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.7717\/peerj.5439\/ref-14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ergon.2014.06.005","article-title":"The habituation of human postural responses to platform perturbations","volume":"44","author":"Duncan","year":"2014b","journal-title":"International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.7717\/peerj.5439\/ref-15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ergon.2010.08.006","article-title":"Changes in thoracolumbar kinematics and centre of pressure when performing stationary tasks in moving environments","volume":"40","author":"Duncan","year":"2010","journal-title":"International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.7717\/peerj.5439\/ref-16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1123\/jab.28.2.111","article-title":"The effects of moving environments on thoracolumbar kinematics and foot center of pressure when performing lifting and lowering tasks","volume":"28","author":"Duncan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Biomechanics"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.7717\/peerj.5439\/ref-17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.3233\/OER-2007-7404","article-title":"Effects of simulated vessel motions on thoracolumbar and centre of pressure kinematics","volume":"7","author":"Duncan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Occupational Ergonomics"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.7717\/peerj.5439\/ref-18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0165735","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0165735","article-title":"Population differences in postural response strategy associated with exposure to a novel continuous perturbation stimuli: would dancers have better balance on a boat?","volume":"11","author":"Duncan","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.7717\/peerj.5439\/ref-19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1080\/0002889778507831","article-title":"Prediction of metabolic rates for manual materials handling jobs","volume":"39","author":"Garg","year":"1978","journal-title":"American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.7717\/peerj.5439\/ref-20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2009.01.001","article-title":"Motions and crew responses on an offshore oil production and storage vessel","volume":"40","author":"Haward","year":"2009","journal-title":"Applied Ergonomics"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.7717\/peerj.5439\/ref-21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1007\/s004210050349","article-title":"Human energy expenditure when walking on a moving platform","volume":"77","author":"Heus","year":"1998","journal-title":"European Journal of Applied Physiology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.7717\/peerj.5439\/ref-22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2009.05.009","article-title":"The energy cost for balance control during upright standing","volume":"30","author":"Houdijk","year":"2009","journal-title":"Gait & Posture"},{"issue":"2174","key":"10.7717\/peerj.5439\/ref-23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20140662","DOI":"10.1098\/rspa.2014.0662","article-title":"Walking on a moving surface: energy-optimal walking motions on a shaky bridge and a shaking treadmill can reduce energy costs below normal","volume":"471","author":"Joshi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Royal Society A"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.7717\/peerj.5439\/ref-24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1451","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/72.6.1451","article-title":"Energy cost of non-exercise activity","volume":"72","author":"Levine","year":"2000","journal-title":"American Journal of Clinical Nutrition"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.5439\/ref-25","volume-title":"Seakeeping: ship behaviour in rough weather","author":"Lloyd","year":"1993"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.5439\/ref-26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.3233\/OER-2012-0195","article-title":"The effect of platform motions upon the biomechanical demands of lifting tasks","volume":"10","author":"MacKinnon","year":"2011","journal-title":"Occupational Ergonomics"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.7717\/peerj.5439\/ref-27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1977.43.4.577","article-title":"Predicting energy expenditure with loads while standing or walking very slowly","volume":"43","author":"Pandolf","year":"1977","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Physiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.5439\/ref-28","first-page":"29","article-title":"Effects of motion at sea on crew performance: a survey","volume":"39","author":"Stevens","year":"2002","journal-title":"Maritime Technology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.5439\/ref-29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2005.05.004","article-title":"Distinguishing sleepiness and fatigue: focus on definition and measurement","volume":"10","author":"Shen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Sleep Medicine Reviews"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.7717\/peerj.5439\/ref-30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1093\/occmed\/kqn008","article-title":"Fatigue and health in a seafaring population","volume":"58","author":"Wadsworth","year":"2008","journal-title":"Occupational Medicine"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.7717\/peerj.5439\/ref-31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.20381","article-title":"Patterns of fatigue among seafarers during a tour of duty","volume":"49","author":"Wadsworth","year":"2006","journal-title":"American Journal of Industrial Medicine"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.7717\/peerj.5439\/ref-32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1080\/00140139308967940","article-title":"Revised NIOSH equation for the design and evaluation of manual lifting tasks","volume":"36","author":"Waters","year":"1993","journal-title":"Ergonomics"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.7717\/peerj.5439\/ref-33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1845","DOI":"10.1080\/001401398186018","article-title":"Working in a moving environment","volume":"41","author":"Wertheim","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ergonomics"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.5439\/ref-34","article-title":"Energy cost, physical workload and postural control during walking on a moving platform","author":"Wertheim","year":"1994"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.7717\/peerj.5439\/ref-35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1080\/00140130110116623","article-title":"Maximal oxygen uptake during cycling is reduced in moving environments; consequences for motion-induced fatigue","volume":"45","author":"Wertheim","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ergonomics"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.7717\/peerj.5439\/ref-36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/0966-6362(96)82849-9","article-title":"Human balance and posture control during standing and walking","volume":"3","author":"Winter","year":"1995","journal-title":"Gait & Posture"}],"container-title":["PeerJ"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/5439.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/5439.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/5439.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/5439.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,30]],"date-time":"2022-08-30T15:14:48Z","timestamp":1661872488000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/5439"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,29]]},"references-count":36,"alternative-id":["10.7717\/peerj.5439"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7717\/peerj.5439","archive":["CLOCKSS","LOCKSS","Portico"],"relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.7287\/peerj.5439v0.1\/reviews\/3","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.7287\/peerj.5439v0.1\/reviews\/2","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.7287\/peerj.5439v0.2\/reviews\/2","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.7287\/peerj.5439v0.2\/reviews\/1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.7287\/peerj.5439v0.1\/reviews\/1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2167-8359"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2167-8359","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,29]]},"article-number":"e5439"}}