{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T07:06:10Z","timestamp":1773126370897,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"PeerJ","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,20]],"date-time":"2018-09-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1537401600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006920","name":"University of Pennsylvania","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006920","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:p>We surveyed the taxa, ecosystems, and localities of the Devonian fishes of Michigan to provide a framework for renewed study, to learn about the diversity and number of these fishes, and to investigate their connection to other North American faunas. Nineteen genera of fishes have been found in the Middle and Late Devonian deposits of Michigan, of which thirteen are \u2018placoderms\u2019 represented by material ranging from articulated head shields to ichthyoliths. As expected from the marine nature of these deposits, \u2018placoderms\u2019 are overwhelmingly arthrodire in nature, but two genera of ptyctodonts have been reported along with less common petalichthyid material. The remaining fish fauna consists of fin-spines attributed to \u2018acanthodians\u2019, two genera of potential crown chondrichthyans, an isolated dipnoan, and onychodont teeth\/jaw material. There was an apparent drop in fish diversity and fossil abundance between Middle and Late Devonian sediments. This pattern may be attributed to a paucity of Late Devonian sites, along with a relative lack of recent collection efforts at existing outcrops. It may also be due to a shift towards open water pelagic environments at Late Devonian localities, as opposed to the nearshore reef fauna preserved in the more numerous Middle Devonian localities. The Middle Devonian vertebrate fauna in Michigan shows strong connections with same-age assemblages from Ohio and New York. Finally, we document the presence of partially articulated vertebrate remains associated with benthic invertebrates, an uncommon occurrence in Devonian strata outside of North America. We anticipate this new survey will guide future field work efforts in an undersampled yet highly accessible region that preserves an abundance of fishes from a critical interval in marine vertebrate evolution.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.5636","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,20]],"date-time":"2018-09-20T04:20:31Z","timestamp":1537417231000},"page":"e5636","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["An examination of the Devonian fishes of Michigan"],"prefix":"10.7717","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Jack","family":"Stack","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth and Environmental Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lauren","family":"Sallan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth and Environmental Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"4443","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.5636\/ref-1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.5962\/bhl.title.4275","volume-title":"Recherches Sur Les Poissons fossiles","volume":"Vol. 5","author":"Agassiz","year":"1833"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.5636\/ref-2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-6995(95)80132-4","article-title":"Palaeozoic vertebrates of northern France and Belgium. Part 1: Heterostraci, Osteostraci, Thelodonti, Placodermi (Devonian)","volume":"19","author":"Blieck","year":"1995","journal-title":"GeoBios"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.7717\/peerj.5636\/ref-3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1017\/jpa.2016.136","article-title":"New information on Titanichthys (Placodermi: Arthrodira) from the Cleveland Shale (Upper Devonian) of Ohio, USA","volume":"91","author":"Boyle","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Paleontology"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.7717\/peerj.5636\/ref-4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.palaeo.2010.10.009","article-title":"Sequence stratigraphy and a revised sea-level curve for the Middle Devonian of eastern North America","volume":"304","author":"Brett","year":"2011","journal-title":"Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.5636\/ref-5","first-page":"221","article-title":"Stratigraphy and facies relationships of the Eifelian Onondaga Limestone (Middle Devonian) in western and west central New York State","volume-title":"New York State Geological Association 66th Annual Field Trip Guidebook","author":"Brett","year":"1994"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.5636\/ref-6","first-page":"39","article-title":"Physical stratigraphy of Lower Middle Devonian rocks in the Michigan Basin","volume-title":"Geology of Mackinac Island and Lower and Middle Devonian south of the straits of Mackinac","author":"Briggs","year":"1959"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.5636\/ref-7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1127\/0077-7749\/2007\/0244-0001","article-title":"Pennsylvanian (Late Carboniferous) chondrichthyans from the LaSalle Limestone Member (Bond Formation) of Illinois, USA","volume":"244","author":"Brusatte","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neues Jahrbuch f\u00fcr Geologie und Pal\u00e4ontologie-Abhandlungen"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.5636\/ref-8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1096-3642.2009.00578.x","article-title":"Two new species of Dunkleosteus Lehman, 1956, from the Ohio Shale Formation (USA, Famennian) and the Kettle Point Formation (Canada, Upper Devonian), and a cladistic analysis of the Eubrachythoraci (Placodermi, Arthrodira)","volume":"159","author":"Carr","year":"2010","journal-title":"Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.7717\/peerj.5636\/ref-9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.4072\/rbp.2005.2.03","article-title":"Diplognathus lafargei sp. nov. from the Antrim Shale (Upper Devonian) of the Michigan Basin, Michigan, USA","volume":"8","author":"Carr","year":"2005","journal-title":"Revista Brasileira de Paleontologia"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.5636\/ref-10","first-page":"1","article-title":"The vertebrate fauna of the Cleveland Member (Famennian) of the Ohio Shale","volume-title":"Guide to the geology and paleontology of the Cleveland Member of the Ohio Shale (68th Annual Meeting of the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology, Cleveland, Ohio October 15\u201318, 2008)","volume":"vol. 22","author":"Carr","year":"2008"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.7717\/peerj.5636\/ref-11","first-page":"163","article-title":"Arthrodiran remains from the Devonian of Michigan","volume":"3","author":"Case","year":"1931","journal-title":"Contributions from The Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan"},{"issue":"113","key":"10.7717\/peerj.5636\/ref-12","first-page":"664","article-title":"Note on a Large Fish-Plate from the Upper Chemung (?) Beds of Northern Pennsylvania","volume":"20","author":"Claypole","year":"1883","journal-title":"Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.7717\/peerj.5636\/ref-13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1306\/212F7AE0-2B24-11D7-8648000102C1865D","article-title":"Paleoenvironment of the New Albany Shale Group (Devonian-Mississippian) of Illinois","volume":"50","author":"Cluff","year":"1980","journal-title":"Journal of Sedimentary Research"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.5636\/ref-14","first-page":"1","article-title":"Late Devonian paleontology and paleoenvironments at Red Hill and other fossil sites in the Catskill Formation of north-central Pennsylvania","volume-title":"From the Shield to the Sea: geological field trips from the 2011 joint meeting of the GSA Northeastern and North-Central Sections","author":"Daeschler","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.5636\/ref-15","first-page":"1","article-title":"Placodermi","volume-title":"Handbook of paleoichthyology","volume":"Vol. 2","author":"Denison","year":"1978"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.5636\/ref-16","first-page":"1","article-title":"Acanthodii","volume-title":"Handbook of paleoichthyology","volume":"Vol. 5","author":"Denison","year":"1979"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.7717\/peerj.5636\/ref-17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-6995(95)80136-7","article-title":"Palaeozoic vertebrates of northern France and Belgium: Part II. Chondrichthyes, Acanthodii, Actinopterygii (uppermost Silurian to Carboniferous)","volume":"28","author":"Derycke","year":"1995","journal-title":"GeoBios"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.5636\/ref-18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3998\/mpub.23827","volume-title":"Geology of Michigan","author":"Dorr","year":"1970"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.5636\/ref-19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1635\/053.161.0111","article-title":"Mass mortality of juvenile antiarchs (Bothriolepis sp.) from the Catskill Formation (Upper Devonian, Famennian Stage), Tioga County, Pennsylvania","volume":"161","author":"Downs","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.5636\/ref-20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.2475\/ajs.s4-4.20.85","article-title":"Tamiobatis vetustus; a new form of fossil skate","volume":"4","author":"Eastman","year":"1897","journal-title":"American Journal of Science"},{"issue":"366","key":"10.7717\/peerj.5636\/ref-21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1086\/276635","article-title":"On the characters of Macropetalichthys","volume":"31","author":"Eastman","year":"1897","journal-title":"The American Naturalist"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.5636\/ref-22","first-page":"1","article-title":"Structure and relations of Mylostoma","volume":"50","author":"Eastman","year":"1906","journal-title":"Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.5636\/ref-23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.5962\/bhl.title.54661","volume-title":"Devonic fishes of the New York formations. New York State Museum, Memoir 10","author":"Eastman","year":"1907"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.5636\/ref-24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.17077\/2160-5270.1119","article-title":"Devonian fishes of Iowa","author":"Eastman","year":"1908","journal-title":"Iowa geological survey annual report"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.5636\/ref-25","article-title":"Devonian strata of Alpena and Presque Isle Counties, Michigan","volume-title":"Michigan Basin Geological Society guidebook","author":"Ehlers","year":"1970"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.7717\/peerj.5636\/ref-26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1671\/1978","article-title":"Chondrichthyans from the Pennsylvanian (Desmoinesian) Naco Formation of central Arizona","volume":"24","author":"Elliott","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.5636\/ref-27","first-page":"291","article-title":"Middle and Late Devonian vertebrates of the western old red sandstone continent","volume":"223","author":"Elliott","year":"2000","journal-title":"Courier-Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.7717\/peerj.5636\/ref-28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-4983.2012.01165.x","article-title":"Five hundred million years of extinction and recovery: a Phanerozoic survey of large-scale diversity patterns in fishes","volume":"55","author":"Friedman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Paleontology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.7717\/peerj.5636\/ref-29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1080\/02724634.1984.10012017","article-title":"The relationship of Placoderms","volume":"4","author":"Gardiner","year":"1984","journal-title":"Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.5636\/ref-30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4095\/215638","volume-title":"A geologic time scale 2004","author":"Gradstein","year":"2004"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.5636\/ref-31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1130\/SPE256-p181","article-title":"Late Devonian history of the Michigan Basin","volume-title":"Early sedimentary evolution of the Michigan Basin","author":"Gutschick","year":"1991"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.7717\/peerj.5636\/ref-32","first-page":"A224","article-title":"Tintenflecken from the Michigan Basin: preservation, ontogeny, and variation of aptychi found in Upper Devonian rocks at Paxton Michigan","volume":"24","author":"Hannibal","year":"1992","journal-title":"Geological Society of America, Abstracts with Programs"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.5636\/ref-33","article-title":"Biostratigraphy of the Late Devonian black shales on the cratonal margin of the Appalachian Geosyncline","author":"Hlavin","year":"1976","journal-title":"D. Phil. Thesis"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.7717\/peerj.5636\/ref-34","first-page":"245","article-title":"Descriptions of four new Palaeozoic fishes from North America","volume":"32","author":"Hussakof","year":"1913","journal-title":"Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.7717\/peerj.5636\/ref-35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1666\/0022-3360(2003)077\u00a10524:CAOCSA\u00bf2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Ctenacanthus and other chondrichthyan spines and denticles from the Minturn Formation (Pennsylvanian) of Colorado","volume":"77","author":"Itano","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Paleontology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.5636\/ref-36","volume-title":"Early vertebrates","author":"Janvier","year":"2003"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.7717\/peerj.5636\/ref-37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1666\/pleo05-023.1","article-title":"New Onychodontiform (Osteichthyes; Sarcopterygii) from the Lower Devonian of Victoria, Australia","volume":"81","author":"Johanson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Paleontology"},{"issue":"5962","key":"10.7717\/peerj.5636\/ref-38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1182241","article-title":"Reefs as cradles of evolution and sources of biodiversity in the Phanerozoic","volume":"327","author":"Kiessling","year":"2010","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.5636\/ref-39","first-page":"11","article-title":"Les arthrodires du D\u00e9vonien sup\u00e9rieur du Tafilalet (sud marocain)","volume":"129","author":"Lehman","year":"1956","journal-title":"Notes et M\u00e9moires. Service G\u00e9ologique du Maroc"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.5636\/ref-40","article-title":"Stratigraphic cross-sections of the Michigan Basin","author":"Lilienthal","year":"1978","journal-title":"Report of Investigation 19"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.5636\/ref-41","volume-title":"The rise of fishes: 500 million years of evolution","author":"Long","year":"1995"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.5636\/ref-42","volume-title":"The rise of fishes: 500 million years of evolution","author":"Long","year":"2011","edition":"2"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.5636\/ref-43","first-page":"1","article-title":"Studies on the Paleozoic selachian genus Ctenacanthus Agassiz: no. 2, Bythiacanthus St. John and Worthen, Amelacanthus, new genus, Eunemacanthus St. John and Worthen, Sphenacanthus Agassiz, and Wodnika M\u00fcnster","volume":"2722","author":"Maisey","year":"1982","journal-title":"American Museum Novitates"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.5636\/ref-44","first-page":"81","article-title":"Some Pennsylvanian chondrichthyan spines from Nebraska","volume":"11","author":"Maisey","year":"1983","journal-title":"Transactions of the Nebraska Academy of Sciences"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.7717\/peerj.5636\/ref-45","first-page":"117134","article-title":"New finds of vertebrates in the Middle Devonian Brandenberg Group (Sauerland, Northwest Germany): Part 1. Arthrodira","volume":"72","author":"Markus","year":"1998","journal-title":"Pal\u00e4ontologische Zeitschrift"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.5636\/ref-46","article-title":"Taxonomic Revision and Paleoecology of Middle Devonian (Eifelian) Fishes of the Onondaga, Columbus and Delaware Limestones of the eastern United States","author":"Martin","year":"2002","journal-title":"D. Phil. Thesis"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.7717\/peerj.5636\/ref-47","first-page":"1","article-title":"Protitanichthys and some other coccosteomorph arthrodires from the Devonian of North America","volume":"10","author":"Miles","year":"1966","journal-title":"Kungliga Svenska Vetenskapsakademien Handlingar"},{"issue":"849","key":"10.7717\/peerj.5636\/ref-48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.1971.0111","article-title":"The Holonematidae (placoderm fishes), a review based on new specimens of Holonema from the Upper Devonian of Western Australia","volume":"263","author":"Miles","year":"1971","journal-title":"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B. Biological Sciences"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.5636\/ref-49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1096-3642.1977.tb01031.x","article-title":"Dipnoan (lungfish) skulls and the relationships of the group: a study based on new species from the Devonian of Australia","volume":"61","author":"Miles","year":"1977","journal-title":"Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.5636\/ref-50","first-page":"665","volume-title":"First appendix to North American geology and palaeontology for use of amateurs, students and scientists","author":"Miller","year":"1892"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.5636\/ref-51","first-page":"146","article-title":"On some remarkable fossil fishes discovered by Rev. H. Herzer in the black shale (Devonian) at Delaware, Ohio","author":"Newberry","year":"1868"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.5636\/ref-52","first-page":"140","article-title":"Geological structure Ohio Devonian system","volume":"1","author":"Newberry","year":"1873","journal-title":"Geological Survey of Ohio"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.5636\/ref-53","first-page":"144","article-title":"Some interesting remains of fossil fishes, recently discovered","volume":"2","author":"Newberry","year":"1883","journal-title":"Transactions of the New York Academy of Science"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.5636\/ref-54","first-page":"25","article-title":"Descriptions of some gigantic placoderm fishes recently discovered in the Devonian of Ohio","volume":"5","author":"Newberry","year":"1885","journal-title":"Transactions of the New York Academy of Sciences"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.5636\/ref-55","article-title":"Paleozoic fishes of North America, Volume 16 of monographs of the United States geological survey","author":"Newberry","year":"1889"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.7717\/peerj.5636\/ref-56","first-page":"367","article-title":"Description of a new fossil fish, from the Palaeozoic rocks of Indiana","volume":"1","author":"Norwood","year":"1846","journal-title":"American Journal of Science and Arts"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.5636\/ref-57","volume-title":"A concise geologic time scale: 2016","author":"Ogg","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.5636\/ref-58","article-title":"The Marshall illustrated encyclopedia of dinosaurs and prehistoric animals","volume-title":"A comprehensive, colour guide to over 500 species","author":"Palmer","year":"1999"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.5636\/ref-59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.5962\/bhl.title.61017","volume-title":"Die Ctenodipterinen des devonischen systems","author":"Pander","year":"1858"},{"issue":"14","key":"10.7717\/peerj.5636\/ref-60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5479\/si.00963801.76-2811.1","article-title":"The Middle Devonian Traverse Group of rocks in Michigan, a summary of existing knowledge","volume":"76","author":"Pohl","year":"1930","journal-title":"Proceedings of the US National Museum"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.7717\/peerj.5636\/ref-61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/0146-6380(84)90011-1","article-title":"Geology of the Devonian black shales of the Appalachian Basin","volume":"5","author":"Roen","year":"1984","journal-title":"Organic Geochemistry"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.5636\/ref-62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.palwor.2009.11.002","article-title":"A new Frasnian placoderm assemblage from the eastern Anti-Atlas, Morocco, and its biogeographical implications","volume":"19","author":"R\u00fccklin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Palaeoworld"},{"issue":"22","key":"10.7717\/peerj.5636\/ref-63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10131","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0914000107","article-title":"End-Devonian extinction and a bottleneck in the early evolution of modern jawed vertebrates","volume":"107","author":"Sallan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"issue":"20","key":"10.7717\/peerj.5636\/ref-64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8335","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1100631108","article-title":"Persistent predator-prey dynamics revealed by mass extinction","volume":"108","author":"Sallan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.5636\/ref-65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1130\/0-8137-2356-6.473","article-title":"Late Devonian sea-level changes, catastrophic events, and mass extinctions","volume-title":"Catastrophic events and mass extinctions: impacts and beyond","volume":"vol. 356","author":"Sandberg","year":"2002"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.7717\/peerj.5636\/ref-66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1080\/02724634.1982.10011926","article-title":"A dipterid dipnoan from the Devonian of Michigan, USA","volume":"2","author":"Schultze","year":"1982","journal-title":"Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.5636\/ref-67","first-page":"1","article-title":"A compendium of fossil marine animal genera","volume":"363","author":"Sepkoski","year":"2002","journal-title":"Bulletin of American Paleontology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.7717\/peerj.5636\/ref-68","first-page":"245","article-title":"Descriptions of fossil fishes","volume":"6","author":"St.\u00a0John","year":"1875","journal-title":"Geological Survey of Illinois"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.5636\/ref-69","first-page":"163","article-title":"Thoracic armor of a new arthrodire (Holonema) from the Devonian of Presque Isle County, Michigan","volume":"49","author":"Stevens","year":"1964","journal-title":"Papers of the Michigan Academy of Science, Arts, and Letters"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.5636\/ref-70","article-title":"Regional stratigraphy and petroleum systems of the Appalachian Basin, North America. Geologic investigations series: Map I-2768","author":"Swezey","year":"2002","journal-title":"US Geological Survey"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.7717\/peerj.5636\/ref-71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1671\/0272-4634(2001)021[0679:OTSOSO]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"On the status of species of Bothriolepis (Placodermi, Antiarchi) in North America","volume":"21","author":"Thomson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.7717\/peerj.5636\/ref-72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1017\/S001675680900644X","article-title":"A new genus and species of Ptyctodont (Placodermi) from the Late Devonian Gneudna Formation, Western Australia, and an analysis of Ptyctodont phylogeny","volume":"146","author":"Trinajstic","year":"2009","journal-title":"Geological Magazine"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.7717\/peerj.5636\/ref-73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-4983.2005.00479.x","article-title":"Gyracanthides hawkinsi sp. nov. (Acanthodii, Gyracanthidae) from the Lower Carboniferous of Queensland, Australia, with a review of gyracanthid taxa","volume":"48","author":"Turner","year":"2005","journal-title":"Palaeontology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.5636\/ref-74","first-page":"270","article-title":"The lower part of the Middle Devonian Marcellus \u201cShale\u201d, central to western New York State: stratigraphy and depositional history","volume-title":"New York State Geological Association, 66th Annual Meeting Guidebook","author":"Ver\u00a0Straeten","year":"1994"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.7717\/peerj.5636\/ref-75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1671\/02724634(2000)020[0225:ARAROG]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"A redescription and reinterpretation of Gyracanthides murrayi (Acanthodii, Gyracanthidae) from the Lower Carboniferous of the Mansfield Basin, Victoria, Australia","volume":"20","author":"Warren","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.7717\/peerj.5636\/ref-76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1017\/S0016756800156365","article-title":"VI.\u2014On the fish fauna of the millstone grits of great Britain","volume":"8","author":"Wellburn","year":"1901","journal-title":"Geological Magazine"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.5636\/ref-77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1130\/GSAB-55-273","article-title":"Middle Devonian bone beds of Ohio","volume":"55","author":"Wells","year":"1944","journal-title":"Bulletin of the Geological Society of America"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.5636\/ref-78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1130\/GSAB-44-1161","article-title":"Bone beds and crinoidal sands of the Delaware Limestone of central Ohio","volume":"44","author":"Westgate","year":"1933","journal-title":"Bulletin of the Geological Society of America"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.7717\/peerj.5636\/ref-79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1080\/02724634.1998.10011054","article-title":"A new specimen of Tamiobatis vetustus (Chondrichthyes, Ctenacanthoidea) from the Late Devonian Cleveland Shale of Ohio","volume":"18","author":"Williams","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.5636\/ref-80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.24199\/j.mmv.1906.1.01","article-title":"On a Carboniferous fish fauna from the Mansfield District, Victoria","volume":"1","author":"Woodward","year":"1906","journal-title":"Memoirs of the National Museum"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.5636\/ref-81","volume-title":"Chondrichthyes I: Paleozoic Elasmobranchii","author":"Zangerl","year":"1981"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.5636\/ref-82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1111\/zoj.12089","article-title":"A redescription of Kiangyousteus yohii (Arthrodira: Eubrachythoraci) from the Middle Devonian of China, with remarks on the systematics of the Eubrachythoraci","volume":"169","author":"Zhu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society"}],"container-title":["PeerJ"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/5636.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/5636.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/5636.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/5636.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,7]],"date-time":"2025-07-07T20:04:40Z","timestamp":1751918680000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/5636"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,20]]},"references-count":82,"alternative-id":["10.7717\/peerj.5636"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7717\/peerj.5636","archive":["CLOCKSS","LOCKSS","Portico"],"relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.7287\/peerj.5636v0.1\/reviews\/1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.7287\/peerj.5636v0.1\/reviews\/2","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2167-8359"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2167-8359","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,20]]},"article-number":"e5636"}}