{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T16:38:44Z","timestamp":1790872724038,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"PeerJ","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,26]],"date-time":"2018-10-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1540512000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico (CNPq)"},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ)"},{"name":"Instituto Oswaldo Cruz - Fiocruz"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The influenza virus can cause seasonal infections with mild to severe symptoms, circulating worldwide, and it can affect people in any age group. Therefore, this infection is a serious public health problem that causes severe illness and death in high-risk populations. Every year, 0.5% of the world\u2019s population is infected by this pathogen. This percentage can increase up to ten times during pandemics. Influenza vaccination is the most effective way to prevent disease. In addition, anti-influenza drugs are essential for prophylactic and therapeutic interventions. The oseltamivir (OST, a neuraminidase inhibitor) is the primary antiviral used in clinics during outbreaks. However, OST resistant viruses may emerge naturally or due to antiviral pressure, with a prevalence of 1\u20132% worldwide. Thus, the search for new anti-influenza drugs is extremely important. Currently, several groups have been developing studies describing the biotechnological potential of microalgae and cyanobacteria, including antiviral activity of their extracts. In Brazil, this potential is poorly known and explored.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>With the aim of increasing the knowledge on this topic, 38 extracts from microalgae and cyanobacteria isolated from marine and freshwater biomes in Brazil were tested against: cellular toxicity; OST-sensitive and resistant influenza replications; and neuraminidase activity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      For this purpose, Madin-Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK)-infected cells were treated with 200 \u03bcg\/mL of each extract. A total of 17 extracts (45%) inhibited influenza A replication, with seven of them resulting in more than 80% inhibition. Moreover, functional assays performed with viral neuraminidase revealed two extracts (from\n                      <jats:italic>Leptolyngbya<\/jats:italic>\n                      sp. and Chlorellaceae) with IC\n                      <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                      mean &lt;\u00a0210 \u03bcg\/mL for influenza A and B, and also OST-sensitive and resistant strains. Furthermore, MDCK cells exposed to 1 mg\/mL of all the extracts showed viability higher than 80%.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our results suggest that extracts of microalgae and cyanobacteria have promising anti-influenza properties. Further chemical investigation should be conducted to isolate the active compounds for the development of new anti-influenza drugs. The data generated contribute to the knowledge of the biotechnological potential of Brazilian biomes that are still little explored for this purpose.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.5716","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,26]],"date-time":"2018-10-26T04:12:28Z","timestamp":1540527148000},"page":"e5716","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Inhibitory effect of microalgae and cyanobacteria extracts on influenza virus replication and neuraminidase activity"],"prefix":"10.7717","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Thauane","family":"Silva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de V\u00edrus Respirat\u00f3rios e do Sarampo, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz,  Rio de Janeiro, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paulo","family":"S. Salomon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Fitopl\u00e2ncton Marinho, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro,  Rio de Janeiro, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lidilhone","family":"Hamerski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Pesquisas de Produtos Naturais, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juline","family":"Walter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Microbiologia Marinha, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro,  Rio de Janeiro, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rafael","family":"B. Menezes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Fitopl\u00e2ncton Marinho, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro,  Rio de Janeiro, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Edson","family":"Siqueira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Pesquisas de Produtos Naturais, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aline","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de V\u00edrus Respirat\u00f3rios e do Sarampo, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz,  Rio de Janeiro, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00e9ssica Aparecida Morais","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de V\u00edrus Respirat\u00f3rios e do Sarampo, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz,  Rio de Janeiro, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nat\u00e1lia","family":"Ferme","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de V\u00edrus Respirat\u00f3rios e do Sarampo, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz,  Rio de Janeiro, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thaise","family":"Guimar\u00e3es","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de V\u00edrus Respirat\u00f3rios e do Sarampo, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz,  Rio de Janeiro, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovana","family":"O. Fistarol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Fitopl\u00e2ncton Marinho, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro,  Rio de Janeiro, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paulo","family":"I. Hargreaves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Fitopl\u00e2ncton Marinho, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro,  Rio de Janeiro, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristiane","family":"Thompson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Microbiologia Marinha, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro,  Rio de Janeiro, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabiano","family":"Thompson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Microbiologia Marinha, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro,  Rio de Janeiro, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thiago Moreno","family":"Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil"},{"name":"Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnol\u00f3gico em Sa\u00fade, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marilda","family":"Siqueira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de V\u00edrus Respirat\u00f3rios e do Sarampo, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz,  Rio de Janeiro, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Milene","family":"Miranda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de V\u00edrus Respirat\u00f3rios e do Sarampo, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz,  Rio de Janeiro, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"4443","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,26]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"10.7717\/peerj.5716\/ref-1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ofx105","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofx105","article-title":"A review of clinical influenza A and B infections with reduced susceptibility to both Oseltamivir and Zanamivir","volume":"4","author":"Abed","year":"2017","journal-title":"Open Forum Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.5716\/ref-2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2009.12.017","article-title":"The IFITM proteins mediate cellular resistance to influenza A H1N1 virus, West Nile virus, and dengue virus","volume":"139","author":"Brass","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.5716\/ref-3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e56602","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0056602","article-title":"Phenotypic differences in virulence and immune response in closely related clinical isolates of influenza A 2009 H1N1 pandemic viruses in mice","volume":"8","author":"Camp","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.5716\/ref-4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24253","DOI":"10.1038\/srep24253","article-title":"Well-tolerated Spirulina extract inhibits influenza virus replication and reduces virus-induced mortality","volume":"6","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.5716\/ref-5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plaphy.2013.05.009","article-title":"Plant phenolics: recent advances on their biosynthesis, genetics, and ecophysiology","volume":"72","author":"Cheynier","year":"2013","journal-title":"Plant Physiology and Biochemistry"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.5716\/ref-6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1007\/82_2014_406","article-title":"Inactivated and adjuvanted influenza vaccines","volume":"386","author":"Del Giudice","year":"2015","journal-title":"Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.5716\/ref-7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13390","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1515426112","article-title":"Algal ancestor of land plants was preadapted for symbiosis","volume":"112","author":"Delaux","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.5716\/ref-8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1004048","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1004048","article-title":"IFITM3 restricts influenza A virus entry by blocking the formation of fusion pores following virus-endosome hemifusion","volume":"10","author":"Desai","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLOS Pathogens"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.5716\/ref-9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-017-1585-7","article-title":"The Chinese prescription lianhuaqingwen capsule exerts anti-influenza activity through the inhibition of viral propagation and impacts immune function","volume":"17","author":"Ding","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.5716\/ref-10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.2174\/18715265112129990006","article-title":"Emergence of oseltamivir resistance: control and management of influenza before, during and after the pandemic","volume":"13","author":"Dixit","year":"2013","journal-title":"Infectious Disorders Drug Targets"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.7717\/peerj.5716\/ref-11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.3390\/md14090159","article-title":"Antimicrobial compounds from Eukaryotic Microalgae against human Pathogens and diseases in aquaculture","volume":"14","author":"Falaise","year":"2016","journal-title":"Marine Drugs"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.5716\/ref-12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1807","DOI":"10.1007\/s10811-018-1404-7","article-title":"Rapid isolation of culturable microalgae from a tropical shallow lake system","volume":"30","author":"Fistarol","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Phycology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.5716\/ref-13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-018-2238-1","article-title":"Evaluation of antiviral activity of Ocimum sanctum and Acacia arabica leaves extracts against H9N2 virus using embryonated chicken egg model","volume":"18","author":"Ghoke","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.5716\/ref-14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagen.2017.08.014","article-title":"Marine natural product peptides with therapeutic potential: chemistry, biosynthesis, and pharmacology","volume":"1862","author":"Gogineni","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biochimica et Biophysica Acta\/General Subjects"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.5716\/ref-15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1396","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2016.10.005","article-title":"Carotenoids from microalgae: a review of recent developments","volume":"34","author":"Gong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biotechnology Advances"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.5716\/ref-16","first-page":"796","article-title":"Isolation and culture of toxic strains of Anabaena flos-aquae (Lyngb.) de Br\u00c3\u00a9b","volume":"15","author":"Gorham","year":"1964","journal-title":"Verhandlungen des Internationalen Verein Limnologie"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.5716\/ref-17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0022-3646.1972.00010.x","article-title":"Yellow-green algae with chlorophyllide c","volume":"8","author":"Guillard","year":"1972","journal-title":"Journal of Phycology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.5716\/ref-18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.3390\/md12010115","article-title":"Anti-Chikungunya viral activities of aplysiatoxin-related compounds from the marine cyanobacterium Trichodesmium erythraeum","volume":"12","author":"Gupta","year":"2014","journal-title":"Marine Drugs"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.5716\/ref-19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/0141-8130(95)98157-T","article-title":"In vitro antiviral activities of sulfated polysaccharides from a marine microalga (Cochlodinium polykrikoides) against human immunodeficiency virus and other enveloped viruses","volume":"17","author":"Hasui","year":"1995","journal-title":"International Journal of Biological Macromolecules"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.5716\/ref-20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"750803","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/750803","article-title":"Baicalein, Ethyl Acetate, and Chloroform extracts of Scutellaria baicalensis inhibit the Neuraminidase activity of Pandemic 2009 H1N1 and seasonal influenza A viruses","volume":"2013","author":"Hour","year":"2013","journal-title":"Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.5716\/ref-21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36015","DOI":"10.1038\/srep36015","article-title":"An extract from Taxodium distichum targets hemagglutinin- and neuraminidase-related activities of influenza virus in vitro","volume":"6","author":"Hsieh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.5716\/ref-22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2017.09.018","article-title":"Separation, identification and quantification of carotenoids and chlorophylls in dietary supplements containing Chlorella vulgaris and Spirulina platensis using High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography","volume":"148","author":"Hynstova","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.5716\/ref-23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2017.04.002","article-title":"Light-harvesting antenna complexes in the moss Physcomitrella patens: implications for the evolutionary transition from green algae to land plants","volume":"37","author":"Iwai","year":"2017","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Plant Biology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.5716\/ref-24","article-title":"Comparative studies of three novel fresh water microalgae strains for synthesis of silver nanoparticles: Insights of characterization, antibacterial, cytotoxicity and antiviral activities","author":"Khalid","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.5716\/ref-25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2011.12.006","article-title":"In vitro inhibition of influenza A virus infection by marine microalga-derived sulfated polysaccharide p-KG03","volume":"93","author":"Kim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Antiviral Research"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.5716\/ref-26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1234","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0034-1383001","article-title":"Exploring marine resources for bioactive compounds","volume":"80","author":"Kiuru","year":"2014","journal-title":"Planta Medica"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.5716\/ref-27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1590\/0074-02760140330","article-title":"Oseltamivir-resistant influenza A(H1N1)pdm2009 strains found in Brazil are endowed with permissive mutations, which compensate the loss of fitness imposed by antiviral resistance","volume":"110","author":"Lopes e Souza","year":"2015","journal-title":"Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.5716\/ref-28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"944","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2011.03.003","article-title":"Cytotoxicity in L929 fibroblasts and inhibition of herpes simplex virus type 1 Kupka by estuarine cyanobacteria extracts","volume":"25","author":"Lopes","year":"2011","journal-title":"Toxicology In Vitro"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.7717\/peerj.5716\/ref-29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.3390\/md16050165","article-title":"Marine microalgae with anti-cancer properties","volume":"16","author":"Martinez Andrade","year":"2018","journal-title":"Marine Drugs"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.5716\/ref-30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1007\/s10126-003-0007-7","article-title":"Marine pharmacology in 2000: marine compounds with antibacterial, anticoagulant, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, antimalarial, antiplatelet, antituberculosis, and antiviral activities; affecting the cardiovascular, immune, and nervous systems and other miscellaneous mechanisms of action","volume":"6","author":"Mayer","year":"2004","journal-title":"Marine Biotechnology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.5716\/ref-31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpc.2007.01.015","article-title":"Marine pharmacology in 2003-4: marine compounds with anthelmintic antibacterial, anticoagulant, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, antimalarial, antiplatelet, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral activities; affecting the cardiovascular, immune and nervous systems, and other miscellaneous mechanisms of action","volume":"145","author":"Mayer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology\u2014Part C: Toxicology & Pharmacology"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.7717\/peerj.5716\/ref-32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.3390\/md15090273","article-title":"Marine pharmacology in 2012-2013: marine compounds with antibacterial, antidiabetic, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral activities; affecting the immune and nervous systems, and other miscellaneous mechanisms of action","volume":"15","author":"Mayer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Marine Drugs"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.5716\/ref-33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1590\/S0036-46652010000100001","article-title":"Antiviral activity of the green marine alga Ulva fasciata on the replication of human metapneumovirus","volume":"52","author":"Mendes Gda","year":"2010","journal-title":"Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de Sao Paulo"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.5716\/ref-34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e101056","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0101056","article-title":"HIV-1 and its gp120 inhibits the influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 life cycle in an IFITM3-dependent fashion","volume":"9","author":"Mesquita","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.5716\/ref-35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra074111","article-title":"Acute lower respiratory tract infection","volume":"358","author":"Mizgerd","year":"2008","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.5716\/ref-36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbt.2016.02.002","article-title":"Large-scale bioprospecting of cyanobacteria, micro- and macroalgae from the Aegean Sea","volume":"33","author":"Montalvao","year":"2016","journal-title":"New Biotechnology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.5716\/ref-37","article-title":"Antiviral activity of the cyanobacterium microcystis aeruginosa SPH 01","author":"Mundt","year":"1997"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.5716\/ref-38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1309","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0035-1546055","article-title":"Anti-infective natural products from Cyanobacteria","volume":"81","author":"Niedermeyer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Planta Medica"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.7717\/peerj.5716\/ref-39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines5040040","article-title":"Impact of the respiratory microbiome on host responses to respiratory viral infection","volume":"5","author":"Pichon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.5716\/ref-40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e79293","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0079293","article-title":"Identification of traditional medicinal plant extracts with novel anti-influenza activity","volume":"8","author":"Rajasekaran","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.5716\/ref-41","first-page":"25","article-title":"An endpoint assay to evaluate the 50% tissue sytopatic effect","volume":"5","author":"Reed","year":"1938","journal-title":"Journal of General Virology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.5716\/ref-42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1080\/00071617800650331","article-title":"Enumeration of natural Microcystis populations","volume":"13","author":"Reynolds","year":"1978","journal-title":"Brazilian Journal of Phycology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.5716\/ref-43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1759(91)90114-U","article-title":"An improved colorimetric assay for cell proliferation and viability utilizing the tetrazolium salt XTT","volume":"142","author":"Roehm","year":"1991","journal-title":"Journal of Immunological Methods"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.5716\/ref-44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2017.03.007","article-title":"Influenza: a global perspective","volume":"64","author":"Rotrosen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pediatric Clinics of North America"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.5716\/ref-45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0139236","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0139236","article-title":"Aureonitol, a fungi-derived Tetrahydrofuran, inhibits influenza replication by targeting its surface Glycoprotein Hemagglutinin","volume":"10","author":"Sacramento","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.5716\/ref-46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.3390\/md16010026","article-title":"A review of the biological activities of microalgal carotenoids and their potential Use in healthcare and cosmetic industries","volume":"16","author":"Sathasivam","year":"2018","journal-title":"Marine Drugs"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.5716\/ref-47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2016.05.074","article-title":"The IFITMs inhibit Zika virus replication","volume":"15","author":"Savidis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Reports"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.5716\/ref-48","first-page":"4827","article-title":"Evaluation of a soluble tetrazolium\/formazan assay for cell growth and drug sensitivity in culture using human and other tumor cell lines","volume":"48","author":"Scudiero","year":"1988","journal-title":"Cancer Research"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.5716\/ref-49","first-page":"132","article-title":"Molecular authentication and characterization of the antiherpetic activity of the cyanobacterium Arthrospira fusiformis","volume":"65","author":"Sharaf","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pharmazie"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.5716\/ref-50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-017-1612-8","article-title":"Anti-influenza virus activity of extracts from the stems of Jatropha multifida Linn. collected in Myanmar","volume":"17","author":"Shoji","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.5716\/ref-51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2017.04.041","article-title":"Cyanobacterial lectins characteristics and their role as antiviral agents","volume":"102","author":"Singh","year":"2017","journal-title":"International Journal of Biological Macromolecules"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.5716\/ref-52","first-page":"179","article-title":"Antiviral activity of crude extracts of Eugenia jambolana Lam. against highly pathogenic avian influenza (H5N1) virus","volume":"50","author":"Sood","year":"2012","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Experimental Biology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.5716\/ref-53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-967109","article-title":"The alkaloid 4-methylaaptamine isolated from the sponge Aaptos aaptos impairs Herpes simplex virus type 1 penetration and immediate-early protein synthesis","volume":"73","author":"Souza","year":"2007","journal-title":"Planta Medica"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.5716\/ref-54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2011.05.006","article-title":"Antiviral resistance surveillance for influenza A virus in Brazil: investigation on 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) resistance to oseltamivir","volume":"71","author":"Souza","year":"2011","journal-title":"Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.5716\/ref-55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e80081","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0080081","article-title":"Detection of oseltamivir-resistant pandemic influenza A(H1N1)pdm2009 in Brazil: can community transmission be ruled out?","volume":"8","author":"Souza","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.5716\/ref-56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422x-10-337","article-title":"In vitro inhibition of mumps virus by retinoids","volume":"10","author":"Soye","year":"2013","journal-title":"Virology Journal"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.5716\/ref-57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"Unit 15G.1.1","DOI":"10.1002\/0471729256.mc15g01s3","article-title":"Influenza: propagation, quantification, and storage","volume":"15","author":"Szretter","year":"2006","journal-title":"Current Protocols in Microbiology"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.7717\/peerj.5716\/ref-58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.3390\/v9120376","article-title":"Host cell restriction factors that limit influenza A infection","volume":"9","author":"Villalon-Letelier","year":"2017","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.5716\/ref-59","author":"World Health Organization (WHO)","year":"2011","journal-title":"Manual for the laboratory diagnosis and virological surveillance of influenza"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.5716\/ref-60","article-title":"Up to 650,000 people die of respiratory diseases linked to seasonal flu each year","author":"World Health Organization (WHO)","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.5716\/ref-61","article-title":"Influenza (Avian and other zoonotic)","author":"World Health Organization (WHO)","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.5716\/ref-62","article-title":"Influenza (Seasonal)","author":"World Health Organization (WHO)","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.5716\/ref-63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fitote.2009.12.005","article-title":"Antiviral flavonoids from Mosla scabra","volume":"81","author":"Wu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Fitoterapia"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.5716\/ref-64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1084","DOI":"10.1021\/np060303s","article-title":"Cyclic depsipeptides, ichthyopeptins A and B, from Microcystis ichthyoblabe","volume":"70","author":"Zainuddin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Natural Products"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.5716\/ref-65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1007\/s00430-002-0142-1","article-title":"Cyanobacteria a potential source of antiviral substances against influenza virus","volume":"191","author":"Zainuddin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Medical Microbiology and Immunology"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.7717\/peerj.5716\/ref-66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1554","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18071554","article-title":"From variation of influenza viral proteins to vaccine development","volume":"18","author":"Zhu","year":"2017","journal-title":"International Journal of Molecular Sciences"}],"container-title":["PeerJ"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/5716.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/5716.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/5716.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/5716.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,26]],"date-time":"2018-10-26T04:12:38Z","timestamp":1540527158000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/5716"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,26]]},"references-count":66,"alternative-id":["10.7717\/peerj.5716"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7717\/peerj.5716","archive":["CLOCKSS","LOCKSS","Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2167-8359"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2167-8359","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,26]]},"article-number":"e5716"}}