{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]],"date-time":"2025-11-19T06:59:41Z","timestamp":1763535581774,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"PeerJ","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,11]],"date-time":"2018-12-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1544486400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"High-Impact Research Ministry of Education Grant","award":["UM.C\/625\/1\/HIR\/MOHE\/SCI\/18"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UM.C\/625\/1\/HIR\/MOHE\/SCI\/18"]}]},{"name":"University of Malaya Research Grant","award":["BKP\/2013A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BKP\/2013A"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:p>The parasite<jats:italic>Toxoplasma gondii<\/jats:italic>causes an opportunistic infection, that is, particularly severe in immunocompromised patients, infants, and neonates. Current antiparasitic drugs are teratogenic and cause hypersensitivity-based toxic side effects especially during prolonged treatment. Furthermore, the recent emergence of drug-resistant toxoplasmosis has reduced the therapeutic impact of such drugs. In an effort to develop recombinant antibodies as a therapeutic alternative, a panel of affinity-matured,<jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>tachyzoite-specific single-chain variable fragment (scFv) antibodies was selected by phage display and bioinformatic analysis. Further affinity optimization was attempted by introducing point mutations at hotspots within light chain complementarity-determining region 2. This strategy yielded four mutated scFv sequences and a parental scFv that were used to produce five mouse\u2013human chimeric IgGs in<jats:italic>Nicotiana benthamiana<\/jats:italic>plants, with yields of 33\u201372 mg\/kg of plant tissue. Immunological analysis confirmed the specific binding of these plant-derived antibodies to<jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>tachyzoites, and in vitro efficacy was demonstrated by their ability to inhibit the invasion of human fibroblasts and impair parasite infectivity. These novel recombinant antibodies could therefore be suitable for the development of plant-derived immunotherapeutic interventions against toxoplasmosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.5780","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,11]],"date-time":"2018-12-11T08:41:54Z","timestamp":1544517714000},"page":"e5780","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Plant-derived chimeric antibodies inhibit the invasion of human fibroblasts by<i>Toxoplasma gondii<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.7717","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Sherene Swee Yin","family":"Lim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kek Heng","family":"Chua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 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