{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,4]],"date-time":"2026-04-04T01:19:01Z","timestamp":1775265541188,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"PeerJ","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,7]],"date-time":"2018-11-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1541548800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Brazilian Institute of Comparative Physiology"},{"name":"National Council for Scientific and Technological Development - CNPq","award":["573921\/2008-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["573921\/2008-3"]}]},{"name":"National Council for Scientific and Technological Development - CNPq","award":["#302589\/2013-9"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#302589\/2013-9"]}]},{"name":"Foundation for support of research of S\u00e3o Paulo (FAPESP)","award":["08\/57712-4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["08\/57712-4"]}]},{"name":"Foundation for support of research of S\u00e3o Paulo (FAPESP)","award":["#2014\/23388-7"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#2014\/23388-7"]}]},{"name":"Research grant","award":["#405285\/2013-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#405285\/2013-2"]}]},{"name":"Coordination of Improvement of Higher Level Personnel CAPES (Master\u2019s fellowship)"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Understanding of the physiological effects of chytridiomycosis is crucial to worldwide amphibian conservation. Therefore, we analyzed the cardiac function of two anuran species (\n                      <jats:italic>Xenopus laevis<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>Physalaemus albonotatus<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) with different susceptibilities to infection by the causative agent of chytridiomycosis,\n                      <jats:italic>Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis<\/jats:italic>\n                      (hereafter\n                      <jats:italic>Bd<\/jats:italic>\n                      ).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We analyzed the\n                      <jats:italic>in situ<\/jats:italic>\n                      heart rate (\n                      <jats:italic>f<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>\n                        <jats:italic>H<\/jats:italic>\n                      <\/jats:sub>\n                      - bpm), relative ventricular mass (RVM -%), and Ca\n                      <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                      handling in heart of\n                      <jats:italic>Bd<\/jats:italic>\n                      infected animals compared to uninfected controls of both study species.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>Bd<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection resulted in a 78% decrease in contraction force values in\n                      <jats:italic>P.\u00a0albonotatus<\/jats:italic>\n                      when compared to the less susceptible\n                      <jats:italic>X. laevis<\/jats:italic>\n                      . This negative effect was even more evident (82%) for the cardiac pumping capacity. The time to reach peak tension was 125% longer in\n                      <jats:italic>P. albonotatus<\/jats:italic>\n                      than in\n                      <jats:italic>X. laevis<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and cardiac relaxation was 57% longer.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      These results indicate a delay in the cardiac cycle of\n                      <jats:italic>P. albonotatus<\/jats:italic>\n                      on a beat-to-beat basis, which was corroborated by the bradycardia observed\n                      <jats:italic>in situ<\/jats:italic>\n                      . In summary,\n                      <jats:italic>Bd<\/jats:italic>\n                      -sensitive species present impaired cardiac function, which could be a factor in mortality risk. The more pronounced effects of\n                      <jats:italic>Bd<\/jats:italic>\n                      in\n                      <jats:italic>P. albonotatus<\/jats:italic>\n                      may not only result from electrolyte imbalance, as previously reported, but also could be an effect of toxins produced by\n                      <jats:italic>Bd<\/jats:italic>\n                      . For\n                      <jats:italic>X. laevis<\/jats:italic>\n                      , the ability to promote cardiac adjustments seems to be an important homeostatic feature that allows greater tolerance to chytridiomycosis. This study provides new physiological mechanisms underlying the tolerance or susceptibility of amphibian species to chytridiomycosis, which determine their adaptability to survive in the affected environments.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.5891","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,7]],"date-time":"2018-11-07T04:22:36Z","timestamp":1541564556000},"page":"e5891","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Novel findings on the impact of chytridiomycosis on the cardiac function of anurans: sensitive vs. tolerant species"],"prefix":"10.7717","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Raquel F.","family":"Salla","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Universidade Federal de S\u00e3o Carlos, Sorocaba, SP, Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Animal Biology, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gisele 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S.","family":"Leite","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetic, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elaine Cristina M.","family":"Silva-Zacarin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Universidade Federal de S\u00e3o Carlos, Sorocaba, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"F\u00e1bio C.","family":"Abdalla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Universidade Federal de S\u00e3o Carlos, Sorocaba, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas S.","family":"Jenkinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, United States of 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