{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,11]],"date-time":"2026-07-11T17:21:08Z","timestamp":1783790468898,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"PeerJ","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,18]],"date-time":"2018-12-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1545091200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Maryland Agriculture Experimental Station","award":["MD-ENST-2956"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MD-ENST-2956"]}]},{"name":"USDA Multistate","award":["MD-ENST-1443"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MD-ENST-1443"]}]},{"name":"NSF-Couple Natural Human Systems Program","award":["DEB-1211797"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DEB-1211797"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Natural and anthropogenic changes (e.g., land use change, pollution) will alter many environmental factors in the coming years, including the amount of solar radiation reaching the earth\u2019s surface. Alterations in solar radiation exposure is likely to impact the ecologies of many living organisms, including invertebrates that inhabit aquatic habitats. In this study, we assessed the effect of UV-B radiation on the metabolic rates and fitness (survival, development time, body size) of\n                    <jats:italic>Aedes albopictus<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Culex pipiens<\/jats:italic>\n                    mosquitoes and the activity of their microbial food resources in experimental aquatic microcosms\n                    <jats:italic>.<\/jats:italic>\n                    We exposed single-species cohorts of newly hatched\n                    <jats:italic>Ae. albopictus<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Cx. pipiens<\/jats:italic>\n                    larvae and a control treatment with no larvae to three UV-B conditions that mimicked those in full-sun and shade in the field and to a control condition with no UV-B radiation. Our results indicated that UV-B radiation affected the metabolic rates of both\n                    <jats:italic>Ae. albopictus<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Cx. pipiens<\/jats:italic>\n                    larvae, with significantly higher rates found in full-sun compared to shade and no-UV conditions, 8 and 15 days after exposure began.\n                    <jats:italic>Ae. albopictus<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Cx. pipiens<\/jats:italic>\n                    survival was also affected by UV-B radiation condition, with significantly lower survival in full-sun compared to shade and no UV-B conditions. Microbial metabolic rates were consistently significantly lower in full-sun compared to shade and no-UV conditions, especially at 8 days of exposure. These results show that UV-B radiation at levels found in open spaces showed strong and important impacts on the metabolic rates and survival of\n                    <jats:italic>Ae. albopictus<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Cx. pipiens<\/jats:italic>\n                    larvae. Decreased survival of\n                    <jats:italic>Ae. albopictus<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Cx. pipiens<\/jats:italic>\n                    with higher UV-B radiation levels may be caused by both direct exposure to radiation as well as the indirect effects of reduced microbial food, resulting in greater metabolic demands and stress. Negative impacts of UV-B radiation on the survival of\n                    <jats:italic>Ae. albopictus<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Cx. pipiens<\/jats:italic>\n                    are likely to have important implications for the distribution and abundance of these mosquitoes, and the transmission of pathogens that these two broadly distributed mosquitoes vector.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.6133","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,18]],"date-time":"2018-12-18T04:28:27Z","timestamp":1545107307000},"page":"e6133","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Effects of ultraviolet radiation on metabolic rate and fitness of\n                    <i>Aedes albopictus<\/i>\n                    and\n                    <i>Culex pipiens<\/i>\n                    mosquitoes"],"prefix":"10.7717","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Oswaldo C.","family":"Villena","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Estuarine & Environmental Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States of America"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bahram","family":"Momen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Science & Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States of America"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Sullivan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Science & Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States of America"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul T.","family":"Leisnham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Science & Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States of America"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"4443","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.6133\/ref-1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2013.02.041","article-title":"Exploring the relationship between urbanization, energy consumption, and CO2 emission in MENA countries","volume":"23","author":"Al-mulali","year":"2013","journal-title":"Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.7717\/peerj.6133\/ref-2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3279","DOI":"10.1890\/05-0209","article-title":"Larval competition differentially affects arbovirus infection in Aedes mosquitoes","volume":"86","author":"Alto","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.6133\/ref-3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1017\/S1742758400004926","article-title":"Mosquito oviposition in bamboo traps, with special reference to Aedes albopictus, Aedes novalbopictus and Armigeres subalbatus","volume":"5","author":"Amerasinghe","year":"1984","journal-title":"International Journal of Tropical Insect Science"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.6133\/ref-4","first-page":"1053","article-title":"Relationship between surface UV radiation and air pollution in Beijing","volume":"29","author":"An","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chinese Journal of Environmental Science"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.6133\/ref-5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/S1011-1344(98)00188-2","article-title":"Effects of increased solar ultraviolet radiation on materials","volume":"46","author":"Andrady","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.6133\/ref-6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-11-261","article-title":"Larval food quantity affects development time, survival, and adult biological traits that influence the vectorial capacity of Anopheles darling under laboratory conditions","volume":"11","author":"Araujo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Malaria Journal"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.6133\/ref-7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1039\/c0pp90035d","article-title":"Effects of solar ultraviolet radiation on terrestrial ecosystems. 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