{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T21:40:48Z","timestamp":1781127648601,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"PeerJ","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,1]],"date-time":"2019-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1556668800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Science and Higher Education program","award":["0492\/IP1\/2015\/73"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["0492\/IP1\/2015\/73"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005643","name":"University of Lodz","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["B17 11 000 000 052.01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B17 11 000 000 052.01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005643","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The increasing production of sewage sludge (SS) engenders the problem of its responsible utilization and disposal. Likewise, urban sediments (SED) are deposited at the bottom of urban reservoirs and sedimentation ponds, and these require periodical dredging and utilization. However, while the SS and SED deposits often contain nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus; however, they also contain a variety of hazardous compounds including heavy metals, Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) and microbial pollutants. Fortunately, some species of Cucurbitaceae can accumulate high levels of POPs, such as polychlorinated dibenzo-\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      -dioxins (PCDD), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDF) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), in their tissues.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      SS was collected from the Lodz Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant and SED from the Soko\u0142\u00f3wka Sequential Biofiltration System. The SS and SED samples were added to soil in flower pots at three concentrations (1.8 g, 5.4 g and 10.8 g per flower pot), and one pot was left as an unamended control (C). Soil PCB concentrations were determined before cucumber planting, and after five weeks of growth. Also, total soluble protein, total chlorophyll content, chlorophyll a\/b ratio and degree of lipid peroxidation (TBARS) were examined in the leaves of the cucumber plants (\n                      <jats:italic>Cucumis sativus<\/jats:italic>\n                      L.) cv. Cezar after five weeks. Antioxidative response was assessed by ascorbate peroxidase (APx) and catalase (CAT) assay.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The initial PCB concentration in soil after application of SS or SED was dependent on the applied dose. After five weeks, PCB concentration fell significantly for all samples and confirmed that the dose of SS\/SED had a strong effect. Soil remediation was found to be more effective after SS application. Total soluble protein content in the cucumber leaf tissues was dependent on both the type and the dose of the applied amendments, and increased with greater SS doses in the soil. The total chlorophyll content remained unchanged, and the chlorophyll a\/b ratio was slightly elevated only after the application of the highest SS and SED dose. The use of SS and SED did not significantly affect TBARS content. APx activity fell after SS or SED application; however, CAT activity tended to increase, but only in the leaves of plants grown in SS-amended soil.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The cultivation of cucumber plants reduces PCB concentration in soil amended with SS or SED; however, this effect is more evident in the case of SS. SS application also induced more intensive changes in the activity of enzymes engaged in antioxidative response and oxidative stress markers in plant tissues than SED. The levels of PCB in the SS may have triggered a more severe imbalance between pro- and antioxidative reactions in plants. Cucumber plants appear to be resistant to the presence of toxic substances in SS and SED, and the addition of SS and SED not only acts as a fertilizer, but also protects against accelerated aging.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.6743","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,1]],"date-time":"2019-05-01T04:32:29Z","timestamp":1556685149000},"page":"e6743","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["The response of cucumber plants (\n                    <i>Cucumis sativus<\/i>\n                    L.) to the application of PCB-contaminated sewage sludge and urban sediment"],"prefix":"10.7717","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Anna","family":"Wyrwicka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magdalena","family":"Urbaniak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"European Regional Centre for Ecohydrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miros\u0142aw","family":"Przybylski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology and Vertebrate Zoology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"4443","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.6743\/ref-1","first-page":"5445","article-title":"Effect of industrial wastewater on total protein and the peroxidase activity in plants","volume":"8","author":"Aki","year":"2009","journal-title":"African Journal of Biotechnology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.6743\/ref-2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2009.08.022","article-title":"Sewage sludge application can induce changes in antioxidant status of nodulated alfalfa plants","volume":"73","author":"Antol\u00edn","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.6743\/ref-3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3054.1992.tb04728.x","article-title":"Ascorbate peroxidase\u2014a hydrogen peroxide-scavenging enzyme in plants","volume":"85","author":"Asada","year":"1992","journal-title":"Physiologia Plantarum"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.6743\/ref-4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(76)90527-3","article-title":"A rapid and sensitive method for the quantification of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding","volume":"72","author":"Bradford","year":"1976","journal-title":"Analytical Biochemistry"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.7717\/peerj.6743\/ref-5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.2780130506","article-title":"Relationships between lipophilicity and root uptake and translocation of non-ionised chemicals by barley","volume":"13","author":"Briggs","year":"1982","journal-title":"Pesticide Science"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.6743\/ref-6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1641","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.70.6.1641","article-title":"Biochemical changes that occur during senescence of wheat leaves","volume":"70","author":"Camp","year":"1982","journal-title":"Plant Physiology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.6743\/ref-7","article-title":"Council Directive of 12 June 1986 on the protection of the environment, and in particular of the soil, when sewage sludge is used in agriculture (86\/278\/EEC). 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