{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T10:52:26Z","timestamp":1783075946102,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"PeerJ","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,2]],"date-time":"2019-05-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1556755200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital","award":["kmtth-104-002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["kmtth-104-002"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n               <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Galantamine has been approved for the treatment of Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD). However, there are few studies which have reported the association between cognitive responses and galantamine plasma concentration. The aim of this study was to determine the correlation between galantamine plasma concentration and the subsequent cognitive response following treatment in AD patients.<\/jats:p>\n            <\/jats:sec>\n            <jats:sec>\n               <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>AD sufferers who continuously took 8 mg\/d galantamine for at least 6 months without previous exposure to other kinds of AChEI such as donepezil, rivastigmine, or memantine were included in this cohort study. The assessments included the Mini Mental Status Examination (MMSE), Clinical Dementia Rating Scale (CDR) and the Cognitive Assessment Screening Instrument (CASI). Each subdomain of the CASI assessment was conducted at baseline and after 6 months of galantamine. The plasma concentrations of galantamine were measured by capillary electrophoresis after 6 months of the treatment. Logistic regression was performed to adjust for age, gender, apolipoprotein E \u03b54 genotype status, and baseline score to investigate the association between galantamine plasma concentrations and the cognitive response.<\/jats:p>\n            <\/jats:sec>\n            <jats:sec>\n               <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>The total sample consisted of 33 clinically diagnosed AD patients taking galantamine 8\u00a0mg\/d for 6 months. There was no linear correlation between galantamine concentration and cognitive response in patients. However, 22 patients were responsive to the treatment in the long-term memory domain. In CASI subset domain, concentration improved during the 6 months follow up.<\/jats:p>\n            <\/jats:sec>\n            <jats:sec>\n               <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>In the limited samples study, galantamine mostly benefitted the cognitive domain of long-term memory. The benefits were not related to the galantamine plasma concentration. Objective intra-individual evaluation of therapeutic response should be encouraged.<\/jats:p>\n            <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.6887","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,2]],"date-time":"2019-05-02T07:14:38Z","timestamp":1556781278000},"page":"e6887","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Galantamine plasma concentration and cognitive response in Alzheimer\u2019s disease"],"prefix":"10.7717","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Yi-Ting","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University,  Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology, Uppsala Universitet, Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mei-Chuan","family":"Chou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University,  Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University,  Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shyh-Jong","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuan-Han","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University,  Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University,  Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of and Master\u2019s Program in Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Taiwan"},{"name":"Neuroscience Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"4443","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,2]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"10.7717\/peerj.6887\/ref-1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3908(91)90005-V","article-title":"Galanthamine: pharmacokinetics, tissue distribution and cholinesterase inhibition in brain of mice","volume":"30","author":"Bickel","year":"1991","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.7717\/peerj.6887\/ref-2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.2174\/156720507781788846","article-title":"Pharmacogenetic aspects of therapy with cholinesterase inhibitors: the role of CYP2D6 in Alzheimer\u2019s disease pharmacogenetics","volume":"4","author":"Cacabelos","year":"2007","journal-title":"Current Alzheimer Research"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.6887\/ref-3","first-page":"161","article-title":"Genetic characteristics of dementia in Taiwan","volume":"15","author":"Chen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta Neurologica Taiwanica"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.7717\/peerj.6887\/ref-4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-2012-120109","article-title":"Concentrations of rivastigmine and NAP 226-90 and the cognitive response in Taiwanese Alzheimer\u2019s disease patients","volume":"31","author":"Chou","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.7717\/peerj.6887\/ref-5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3956(75)90026-6","article-title":"\u201cMini-mental state\u201d. 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