{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T15:02:00Z","timestamp":1790262120669,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"PeerJ","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,3]],"date-time":"2019-06-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1559520000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2016YFC1101400"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016YFC1101400"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["81570976 and 81870768"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81570976 and 81870768"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Scientific Young Alma of Shaanxi province","award":["2018KJXX-015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018KJXX-015"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic and nonspecific autoimmune disease, which leads to joint destruction and deformity. To investigate the potential of human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) as a new therapeutic strategy for patients with RA, we compared the therapeutic effects of bone marrow derived MSCs (BMSCs), umbilical cord derived MSCs (UCs), and stem cells derived from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED) on collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) in mice.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 24 DBA\/1 mice were infused with type II collagen to induce RA in the experimental model. MSC-treated mice were infused with UCs, BMSCs, and SHED, respectively. Bone erosion and joint destruction were measured by micro-computed tomographic (micro-CT) analysis and hematoxylin and eosin staining. The levels of tumor necrosis factor \u03b1 (TNF-\u03b1) and interleukin-1\u03b2 (IL-1\u03b2) were measured by immunohistochemistry and Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Systemic delivery of MSCs significantly improved the severity of the symptoms related to CIA to greater extent compared with the untreated control group. Micro-CT revealed reduced bone erosions in the metatarsophalangeal joints upon treatment with MSCs. Additionally, according to histologic evaluation, reduced synovitis and articular destruction were observed in MSC-treated groups. The levels of TNF-\u03b1 and IL-1\u03b2 in the serum and joints decreased with treatment by MSCs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our findings suggest that systemic infusion of UCs, BMSCs, and SHED may significantly alleviate the effects of RA. The therapeutic effect of BMSCs was greater than that of SHED, while the UCs were shown to have the best therapeutic effect on CIA mice. In conclusion, compared with BMSCs and SHED, UCs may be a more suitable source of MSCs for the treatment of patients with RA.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.7023","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,3]],"date-time":"2019-06-03T03:59:58Z","timestamp":1559534398000},"page":"e7023","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Comparison of therapeutic effects of different mesenchymal stem cells on rheumatoid arthritis in mice"],"prefix":"10.7717","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Qing","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi\u2019an, Shaanxi, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Center for Tissue Engineering, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical Universit, Xi\u2019an, Shaanxi, China"},{"name":"Xi\u2019an Institute of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Xi\u2019an, Shaanxi, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qihong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Stomatology, the Fifth Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Center for Tissue Engineering, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical Universit, Xi\u2019an, Shaanxi, China"},{"name":"Xi\u2019an Institute of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Xi\u2019an, Shaanxi, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Center for Tissue Engineering, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical Universit, Xi\u2019an, Shaanxi, China"},{"name":"Xi\u2019an Institute of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Xi\u2019an, Shaanxi, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiming","family":"Zhai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi\u2019an, Shaanxi, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Center for Tissue Engineering, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical Universit, Xi\u2019an, Shaanxi, China"},{"name":"Xi\u2019an Institute of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Xi\u2019an, Shaanxi, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Center for Tissue Engineering, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical Universit, Xi\u2019an, Shaanxi, China"},{"name":"Xi\u2019an Institute of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Xi\u2019an, Shaanxi, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Center for Tissue Engineering, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical Universit, Xi\u2019an, Shaanxi, China"},{"name":"Xi\u2019an Institute of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Xi\u2019an, Shaanxi, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoning","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Center for Tissue Engineering, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical Universit, Xi\u2019an, Shaanxi, China"},{"name":"Xi\u2019an Institute of Tissue 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