{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T20:35:15Z","timestamp":1785875715287,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"PeerJ","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,26]],"date-time":"2019-09-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1569456000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008725","name":"ANII","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>The mechanics and energetics of spider locomotion have not been deeply investigated, despite their importance in the life of a spider. For example, the reproductive success of males of several species is dependent upon their ability to move from one area to another. The aim of this work was to describe gait patterns and analyze the gait parameters of<jats:italic>Eupalaestrus weijenberghi<\/jats:italic>(Araneae, Theraphosidae) in order to investigate the mechanics of their locomotion and the mechanisms by which they conserve energy while traversing different inclinations and surfaces.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Tarantulas were collected and marked for kinematic analysis. Free displacements, both level and on an incline, were recorded using glass and Teflon as experimental surfaces. Body segments of the experimental animals were measured, weighed, and their center of mass was experimentally determined. Through reconstruction of the trajectories of the body segments, we were able to estimate their internal and external mechanical work and analyze their gait patterns.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Spiders mainly employed a walk-trot gait. Significant differences between the first two pairs and the second two pairs were detected. No significant differences were detected regarding the different planes or surfaces with respect to duty factor, time lags, stride frequency, and stride length. However, postural changes were observed on slippery surfaces. The mechanical work required for traversing a level plane was lower than expected. In all conditions, the external work, and within it the vertical work, accounted for almost all of the total mechanical work. The internal work was extremely low and did not rise as the gradient increased.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our results support the idea of considering the eight limbs functionally divided into two quadrupeds in series. The anterior was composed of the first two pairs of limbs, which have an explorative and steering purpose and the posterior was more involved in supporting the weight of the body. The mechanical work to move one unit of mass a unit distance is almost constant among the different species tested. However, spiders showed lower values than expected. Minimizing the mechanical work could help to limit metabolic energy expenditure that, in small animals, is relatively very high. However, energy recovery due to inverted pendulum mechanics only accounts for only a small fraction of the energy saved. Adhesive setae present in the tarsal, scopulae, and claw tufts could contribute in different ways during different moments of the step cycle, compensating for part of the energetic cost on gradients which could also help to maintain constant gait parameters.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.7748","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,26]],"date-time":"2019-09-26T08:10:28Z","timestamp":1569485428000},"page":"e7748","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Kinematics of male<i>Eupalaestrus weijenberghi<\/i>(Araneae, Theraphosidae) locomotion on different substrates and inclines"],"prefix":"10.7717","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Valentina","family":"Silva-Pereyra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Investigaci\u00f3n en Biomec\u00e1nica de la Locomoci\u00f3n Humana, Departamento de Biof\u00edsica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la Rep\u00fablica, Montevideo, Uruguay"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C Gabriel","family":"F\u00e1brica","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Investigaci\u00f3n en Biomec\u00e1nica de la Locomoci\u00f3n Humana, Departamento de Biof\u00edsica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la Rep\u00fablica, Montevideo, Uruguay"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlo M.","family":"Biancardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Biomec\u00e1nica y An\u00e1lisis del Movimiento, Departamento de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas, Centro Universitario Regional Litoral Norte, Universidad de la Rep\u00fablica, Paysand\u00fa, Uruguay"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fernando","family":"P\u00e9rez-Miles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Secci\u00f3n Entomolog\u00eda, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la Rep\u00fablica, Montevideo, Uruguay"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"4443","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.7748\/ref-1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1016\/S1631-0691(03)00170-7","article-title":"A new way of analysing symmetrical and asymmetrical gaits in quadrupeds","volume":"326","author":"Abourachid","year":"2003","journal-title":"Comptes Rendus Biologies"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.7717\/peerj.7748\/ref-2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.00761","article-title":"Walking and running in the red-legged running frog, Kassina maculata","volume":"207","author":"Ahn","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Biology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.7748\/ref-3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1096-3642.1985.tb00871.x","article-title":"Mechanics of posture and gait of some large dinosaurs","volume":"83","author":"Alexander","year":"1985","journal-title":"Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.7748\/ref-4","volume-title":"Energy for animals","author":"Alexander","year":"1999"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.7748\/ref-5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1515\/9781400849512","volume-title":"Principles of animal locomotion","author":"Alexander","year":"2003"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.7748\/ref-6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7998.1983.tb04266.x","article-title":"A dynamic similarity hypothesis for the gaits of quadrupedal mammals","volume":"201","author":"Alexander","year":"1983","journal-title":"Journal of Zoology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.7748\/ref-7","first-page":"19","article-title":"Bases of three-dimensional reconstruction","volume-title":"Three-dimensional analysis of human movement","author":"Allard","year":"1995"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.7748\/ref-8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.13156\/arac.2006.17.3.152","article-title":"At what time, for what distance, and for how long does the tarantula Eupalaestrus weijenberghi (Araneae, Theraphosidae) leave its burrow during the mating season?","volume":"17","author":"\u00c1lvarez","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arachnology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.7748\/ref-9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00694442","article-title":"The physiology of exercise at and above maximal aerobic capacity in a theraphosid (tarantula) spider, Brachypelma smithi (F.O. 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