{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,3]],"date-time":"2025-08-03T22:59:15Z","timestamp":1754261955061,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"PeerJ","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,15]],"date-time":"2020-07-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1594771200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Malocclusion characteristics vary across different ethnic groups and populations. Limited data are available regarding the characteristics of Syrian adolescents with Class II division 1 (Class II-1) malocclusion, and the recent inflow of Syrian refugees and immigrants into Europe and many areas worldwide demonstrate the need for updated studies to discover the craniofacial characteristics of these new immigrants.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>The present compound cephalometric and tooth-size study sought to assess the dentofacial morphology, upper-airway dimensions, and tooth-size characteristics of Syrian adolescents with Class II-1 malocclusion and compare the results with established Syrian population norms.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The study sample consisted of 43 Syrian patients including 24 females and 19 males with Class II-1 malocclusion (age: 14.3 (\u00b11.5) years, mean (\u00b1SD)). Cephalometric radiographs and orthodontic casts were analyzed using special orthodontic software (OnyxCeph3<jats:sup>\u2122<\/jats:sup>) and a universal digital caliper, respectively. Statistics were calculated using the SPSS software.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>In Syrian adolescents with Class II-1 malocclusion, the position of the mandible relative to the nasion perpendicular (mean (95% confidence interval)) was \u221211.01 (\u221212.45, \u22129.57) mm. Facial axis angle showed a negative value: \u22126.25 (\u22127.65, \u22124.85) degrees. An obtuse nasolabial angle was observed: 104.05 (101.77, 106.33) degrees. The average width of the upper pharynx was 11.50 (10.53, 12.47) mm; however, there was no prevalence of an upper-pharyngeal width of 5 mm or less. The average value of the anterior tooth-size ratio was 80.69 (79.85, 81.53) percent. In total, 39.5% of the investigated subjects had anterior ratios outside two standard deviations from Bolton\u2019s norm, while 25.6% of the investigated subjects had anterior ratios outside two standard deviations from Syrian population norm.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>In this study, the inter-maxillary discrepancy of Class II-1 Syrian adolescents was a consequence of their hyperdivergent facial pattern. The observed small pharyngeal widths were not clinically significant, while the anterior tooth-size discrepancy might be clinically relevant.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.9545","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,15]],"date-time":"2020-07-15T09:09:48Z","timestamp":1594804188000},"page":"e9545","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Craniofacial characteristics of Syrian adolescents with Class II division 1 malocclusion: a retrospective study"],"prefix":"10.7717","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2886-4615","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Alaa","family":"Al Ayoubi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Dalla Torre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Clinic of Craniomaxillofacial Surgery, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Melinda","family":"Madl\u00e9na","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"4443","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.9545\/ref-1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.1043\/0003-3219(2005)75[1012:UDIDAS]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Uvulo\u2013Glosso\u2013Pharyngeal dimensions in different anteroposterior skeletal patterns","volume":"75","author":"Abu Allhaija","year":"2005","journal-title":"Angle Orthodontist"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.9545\/ref-2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Characteristics of craniofacial complex for class II division 1 malocclusion in Saudi subjects with permanent dentition","volume":"14","author":"Al Jundi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Global Journal of Medical Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.7717\/peerj.9545\/ref-3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.12816\/0028756","article-title":"Syrian norms of McNamara cephalometric analysis","volume":"5","author":"Al Sabbagh","year":"2014","journal-title":"International Arab Journal of Dentistry"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.7717\/peerj.9545\/ref-4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.2319\/062208-325.1","article-title":"Anteroposterior and vertical components of Class II division 1 and division 2 malocclusion","volume":"79","author":"Al-Khateeb","year":"2009","journal-title":"Angle Orthodontist"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.7717\/peerj.9545\/ref-5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.33899\/rden.2013.84690","article-title":"Comparison of lip analyses in skeletal class I normal occlusion and class II division 1 Malocclusion","volume":"13","author":"Al-Saleem","year":"2013","journal-title":"Al-Rafidain Dental Journal"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.9545\/ref-6","first-page":"230","article-title":"The prevalence of malocclusion and orthodontic treatment need in a sample of Syrian children","volume":"10","author":"Alatrach","year":"2014","journal-title":"European Scientific Journal"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.7717\/peerj.9545\/ref-7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1296","DOI":"10.3889\/oamjms.2018.207","article-title":"Prevalence of malocclusion among male school children in Riyadh city","volume":"6","author":"Albakri","year":"2018","journal-title":"Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.9545\/ref-8","first-page":"287","article-title":"Mcnamara\u2019s cephalometric analysis for Iraqi population in Mosul city","volume":"3","author":"Ali","year":"2014","journal-title":"International Journal of Enhanced Research in Science Technology & Engineering"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.9545\/ref-9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2979","DOI":"10.21608\/edj.2016.95079","article-title":"Relationship of interarch tooth-size discrepancy to occlusion","volume":"62","author":"Ali","year":"2016","journal-title":"Egyptian Dental Journal"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.9545\/ref-10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1043\/0003-3219(1955)025<0120:HAVDRI>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Horizontal and vertical dentofacial relationships in normal and Class II division I malocclusion in girls 11\u201315 years","volume":"25","author":"Altemus","year":"1955","journal-title":"Angle Orthodontist"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.9545\/ref-11","first-page":"29","article-title":"Tooth size ratios in Saudi subjects with Class II, Division 1 malocclusion","volume":"4","author":"Asiry","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of International Oral Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.7717\/peerj.9545\/ref-12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1590\/2177-6709.20.6.075-081.oar","article-title":"Malocclusion prevalence and orthodontic treatment need in central Anatolian adolescents compared to European and other nations\u2019 adolescents","volume":"20","author":"Bilgic","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dental Press Journal of Orthodontics"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.7717\/peerj.9545\/ref-13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/cjs010","article-title":"Dentofacial and upper airway characteristics of mild and severe class II division 1 subjects","volume":"35","author":"Bollhalder","year":"2013","journal-title":"European Journal of Orthodontics"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.9545\/ref-14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1043\/0003-3219(1958)028<0113:DITSAI>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Disharmony in tooth size and its relation to the analysis and treatment of malocclusion","volume":"28","author":"Bolton","year":"1958","journal-title":"Angle Orthodontist"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.7717\/peerj.9545\/ref-15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/cjp031","article-title":"Malocclusion and occlusal traits in an urban Iranian population: an epidemiological study of 11-to 14-year-old children","volume":"31","author":"Borzabadi-Farahani","year":"2009","journal-title":"European Journal of Orthodontics"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.9545\/ref-16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4103\/2278-0203.110325","article-title":"The prevalence of malocclusion in urban Libyan schoolchildren","volume":"2","author":"Bugaighis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Orthodontic Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.9545\/ref-17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-5406(95)70068-4","article-title":"A study on the pharyngeal size in different skeletal patterns","volume":"108","author":"Ceylan","year":"1995","journal-title":"American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.7717\/peerj.9545\/ref-18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1016\/0889-5406(89)90408-3","article-title":"The occurrence of tooth size discrepancies among different malocclusion groups","volume":"95","author":"Crosby","year":"1989","journal-title":"American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics"},{"volume-title":"Statistical methods for medical and biological students","year":"1940","author":"Dahlberg","key":"10.7717\/peerj.9545\/ref-19"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.9545\/ref-20","first-page":"1566","article-title":"Prevalence of malocclusion in a Brazilian schoolchildren population and its relationship with early tooth loss","volume":"7","author":"De Souza","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brazilian Journal of Oral Sciences"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.7717\/peerj.9545\/ref-21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.13076\/1300-3550-18-3-205","article-title":"Determination of skeletal and dental characteristics of class II malocclusion","volume":"18","author":"Demir","year":"2005","journal-title":"Turkish Journal of Orthodontics"},{"year":"2018","author":"DESTATIS","article-title":"Geburtenanstieg setzte sich 2016 fort","key":"10.7717\/peerj.9545\/ref-22"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.9545\/ref-23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1043\/0003-3219(1948)018<0070:ACSOUC>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"A cephalometric study of untreated class II, division 1 malocclusion1","volume":"18","author":"Drelich","year":"1948","journal-title":"Angle Orthodontist"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.9545\/ref-24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1043\/0003-3219(1990)060<0207:EPODO>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Epidemiologic panorama of dental occlusion","volume":"60","author":"El-Mangoury","year":"1990","journal-title":"Angle Orthodontist"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.7717\/peerj.9545\/ref-25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3053","DOI":"10.21608\/edj.2019.73984","article-title":"Evaluation of the therapeutic effects of Sabbagh Universal Spring compared to Class II elastics in the treatment of Class II division 1 patients","volume":"65","author":"ElAbbasy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Egyptian Dental Journal"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.7717\/peerj.9545\/ref-26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tdj.2015.07.001","article-title":"Evaluation of upper and lower pharyngeal airway in hypo and hyper divergent Class I, II and III malocclusions in a group of Egyptian patients","volume":"12","author":"Elwareth Abd Elrazik Yousif","year":"2015","journal-title":"Tanta Dental Journal"},{"year":"2019","author":"Eurostat Database","article-title":"Asylum and first time asylum applicants by citizenship, age and sex Annual aggregated data (rounded)","key":"10.7717\/peerj.9545\/ref-27"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.7717\/peerj.9545\/ref-28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/cjl012","article-title":"Comparison of tooth size discrepancies among different malocclusion groups","volume":"28","author":"Fattahi","year":"2006","journal-title":"European Journal of Orthodontics"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.7717\/peerj.9545\/ref-29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.108.2.375","article-title":"The relationship between obesity and craniofacial structure in obstructive sleep apnea","volume":"108","author":"Ferguson","year":"1995","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.7717\/peerj.9545\/ref-30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1016\/0889-5406(92)70048-F","article-title":"An evaluation of the nasolabial angle and the relative inclinations of the nose and upper lip","volume":"102","author":"Fitzgerald","year":"1992","journal-title":"American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.7717\/peerj.9545\/ref-31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1179\/bjo.1.3.73","article-title":"A survey of malocclusion and the need for orthodontic treatment in a Shropshire school population","volume":"1","author":"Foster","year":"1974","journal-title":"British Journal of Orthodontics"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.7717\/peerj.9545\/ref-32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.18231\/2455-6785.2017.0021","article-title":"Soft tissue profile changes in growing patients having class II division 1 malocclusion treated by modified activator with lip bumper","volume":"3","author":"Fouda","year":"2017","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.7717\/peerj.9545\/ref-33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1590\/S1678-77572005000200020","article-title":"Cephalometric characterization of skeletal Class II, division 1 malocclusion in white Brazilian subjects","volume":"13","author":"Freitas","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Oral Science"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.7717\/peerj.9545\/ref-34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e469","DOI":"10.1097\/SCS.0000000000005637","article-title":"Cephalometric evaluation of the upper airway in different skeletal classifications of jaws","volume":"30","author":"Gholinia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Craniofacial Surgery"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.7717\/peerj.9545\/ref-35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131.e15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2006.01.020","article-title":"The relationship between craniofacial structures and the nose in Anatolian Turkish adults: A cephalometric evaluation","volume":"130","author":"Gulsen","year":"2006","journal-title":"American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.7717\/peerj.9545\/ref-36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/cjl027","article-title":"Prevalence of malocclusions in Hungarian adolescents","volume":"28","author":"G\u00e1bris","year":"2006","journal-title":"European Journal of Orthodontics"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.7717\/peerj.9545\/ref-37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9416(73)90146-2","article-title":"A cephalometric description of Class II, Division 1 malocclusion","volume":"63","author":"Hitchcock","year":"1973","journal-title":"American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics"},{"volume-title":"Designing clinical research","year":"2013","author":"Hulley","key":"10.7717\/peerj.9545\/ref-38"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.9545\/ref-39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1043\/0003-3219(2000)070<0200:ACSOTM>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"A comparative study of two methods of quantifying the soft tissue profile","volume":"70","author":"Hwang","year":"2000","journal-title":"Angle Orthodontist"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.9545\/ref-40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/24.1.61","article-title":"Morphological differences in the craniofacial structure between Japanese and Caucasian girls with Class II Division 1 malocclusions","volume":"24","author":"Ishii","year":"2002","journal-title":"European Journal of Orthodontics"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.7717\/peerj.9545\/ref-41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/cji096","article-title":"A comparative study of cephalometric and arch width characteristics of Class II division 1 and division 2 malocclusions","volume":"28","author":"Isik","year":"2006","journal-title":"European Journal of Orthodontics"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.7717\/peerj.9545\/ref-42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bdj.4800059","article-title":"Cephalometric morphology of Chinese with class II division 1 malocclusion","volume":"186","author":"Lau","year":"1999","journal-title":"British Dental Journal"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.9545\/ref-43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9416(72)90173-X","article-title":"Maxillary and mandibular tooth size in different racial groups and in different occlusal categories","volume":"61","author":"Lavelle","year":"1972","journal-title":"American Journal of Orthodontics"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.7717\/peerj.9545\/ref-44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1834-7819.1993.tb04759.x","article-title":"Malocclusion prevalence in an ethnic Chinese population","volume":"38","author":"Lew","year":"1993","journal-title":"Australian Dental Journal"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.9545\/ref-45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e864","DOI":"10.4317\/jced.54977","article-title":"Bolton ratios in Portuguese subjects among different malocclusion groups","volume":"10","author":"Machado","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical and Experimental Dentistry"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.7717\/peerj.9545\/ref-46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9416(51)90047-4","article-title":"Prevalence of malocclusion in children aged 14 to 18 years","volume":"37","author":"Massler","year":"1951","journal-title":"American Journal of Orthodontics"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.9545\/ref-47","first-page":"115","volume-title":"Soft tissue evaluation of individuals with an ideal occlusion and a well-balanced face: esthetics and the Treatment of Facial Form. Craniofacial Growth Series","author":"McNamara","year":"1992"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.7717\/peerj.9545\/ref-48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9416(84)90352-X","article-title":"A method of cephalometric evaluation","volume":"86","author":"McNamara","year":"1984","journal-title":"American Journal of Orthodontics"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.9545\/ref-49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1043\/0003-3219(1970)040<0342:TSONAW>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"The size of nasopharynx associated with normal occlusion and class II malocclusion","volume":"40","author":"Mergen","year":"1970","journal-title":"Angle Orthodontist"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.7717\/peerj.9545\/ref-50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.12816\/0015083","article-title":"Soft tissue facial profile analysis of adult iraqis with different classes of malocclusion","volume":"325","author":"Mohammed","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Baghdad College of Dentistry"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.9545\/ref-51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ortho.2019.01.005","article-title":"Comparison of Bolton ratio in normal occlusion and different malocclusion groups in Iranian population","volume":"17","author":"Mollabashi","year":"2019","journal-title":"International Orthodontics"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.7717\/peerj.9545\/ref-52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9969(64)90080-9","article-title":"Correlations among crown diameters of human teeth","volume":"9","author":"Moorrees","year":"1964","journal-title":"Archives of Oral Biology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.9545\/ref-53","first-page":"531","article-title":"Mandibular size and position in a group of 13\u201315 years old iranian children with class II division 1 malocclusion","volume":"4","author":"Mortazavi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Research Journal of Biological Sciences"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.9545\/ref-54","first-page":"510","article-title":"Frequency of malocclusion among 12-15 years old school children in three sectors of Karachi","volume":"34","author":"Nadim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pakistan Oral and Dental Journal"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.9545\/ref-55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.1043\/0003-3219(2005)75[996:SITHIA]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Standardizing interarch tooth-size harmony in a Syrian population","volume":"75","author":"Nourallah","year":"2005","journal-title":"Angle Orthodontist"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.7717\/peerj.9545\/ref-56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/cjp079","article-title":"Intermaxillary tooth size discrepancies among different malocclusion groups","volume":"32","author":"Oktay","year":"2010","journal-title":"European Journal of Orthodontics"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.7717\/peerj.9545\/ref-57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2003.07.012","article-title":"Prevalence of malocclusion among adolescents in Ibadan, Nigeria","volume":"126","author":"Onyeaso","year":"2004","journal-title":"American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.9545\/ref-58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1179\/146531205225021384","article-title":"Tooth-size discrepancy and Bolton\u2019s ratios: a literature review","volume":"33","author":"Othman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Orthodontics"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.9545\/ref-59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1043\/0003-3219(1997)067<0111:CCOCID>2.3.CO;2","article-title":"Cephalometric characteristics of class II division 1 and class II division 2 malocclusions: a comparative study in children","volume":"67","author":"Pancherz","year":"1997","journal-title":"Angle Orthodontist"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.9545\/ref-60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/cjp050","article-title":"Prevalence of orthodontic treatment need in southern Italian schoolchildren","volume":"32","author":"Perillo","year":"2009","journal-title":"European Journal of Orthodontics"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.9545\/ref-61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1043\/0003-3219(1952)022<0142:TROMST>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"The relation of maxillary structures to cranium in malocclusion and in normal occlusion","volume":"22","author":"Riedel","year":"1952","journal-title":"Angle Orthodontist"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.7717\/peerj.9545\/ref-62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-5406(00)70237-X","article-title":"Dental and facial skeletal characteristics and growth of males and females with class II, division 1 malocclusion between the ages of 10 and 14 (revisited)\u2014Part I: characteristics of size, form, and position","volume":"117","author":"Rothstein","year":"2000","journal-title":"American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.9545\/ref-63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.26719\/1999.5.2.337","article-title":"Prevalence of malocclusion in a sample of Lebanese schoolchildren: an epidemiological study","volume":"5","author":"Saleh","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eastern Mediterranean health journal"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.9545\/ref-64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1043\/0003-3219(2005)75[656:CEONFW]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Cephalometric evaluation of nongrowing females with skeletal and dental Class II, division 1 malocclusion","volume":"75","author":"Say\u0131n","year":"2005","journal-title":"Angle Orthodontist"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.9545\/ref-65","first-page":"26","article-title":"Variation in tooth positon, A metric study of variation and adaptation in the deciduous and permanent dentitions","volume":"39","author":"Seipel","year":"1946","journal-title":"Svensk tandlakare tidskrift"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.7717\/peerj.9545\/ref-66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.21608\/edj.2015.71985","article-title":"Comparison between Class II Division 1 and 2 Malocclusions and normal occlusion regarding tooth size discrepancy and arch dimensions using digital models","volume":"65","author":"Shamaa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Egyptian Dental Journal"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.9545\/ref-67","first-page":"74","article-title":"Prevalence of Angle\u2019s malocclusion in sensory-deprived and normal school children of age group of 12\u201316 years in India: a study conducted in 2016\u20132018","volume":"8","author":"Shyagali","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Oral Health and Oral Epidemiology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.7717\/peerj.9545\/ref-68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1067\/mod.2001.110985","article-title":"Prevalence of malocclusion among Latino adolescents","volume":"119","author":"Silva","year":"2001","journal-title":"American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.7717\/peerj.9545\/ref-69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1590\/2177-6709.20.5.086-093.oar","article-title":"Assessment of upper airways measurements in patients with mandibular skeletal class II malocclusion","volume":"20","author":"Silva","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dental Press Journal of Orthodontics"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.7717\/peerj.9545\/ref-70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/768357","article-title":"Epidemiology of malocclusion and assessment of orthodontic treatment need for nepalese children","volume":"2014","author":"Singh","year":"2014","journal-title":"International Scholarly Research Notices"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.7717\/peerj.9545\/ref-71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1179\/bjo.7.3.145","article-title":"The dentoalveolar compensatory mechanism: background and clinical implications","volume":"7","author":"Solow","year":"1980","journal-title":"British Journal of Orthodontics"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.7717\/peerj.9545\/ref-72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.5455\/aim.2015.23.285-289","article-title":"Evaluation of pharyngeal space in different combinations of class II skeletal malocclusion","volume":"23","author":"Soni","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Informatica Medica"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.7717\/peerj.9545\/ref-73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9416(82)90216-0","article-title":"Postpharyngeal lymphoid tissue in angle class I and Class II malocclusions","volume":"81","author":"Sosa","year":"1982","journal-title":"American Journal of Orthodontics"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.7717\/peerj.9545\/ref-74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/26.3.237","article-title":"Prevalence of malocclusions in the early mixed dentition and orthodontic treatment need","volume":"26","author":"Tausche","year":"2004","journal-title":"European Journal of Orthodontics"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.9545\/ref-75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0722.1973.tb01489.x","article-title":"The prevalence of malocclusion in Swedish schoolchildren","volume":"81","author":"Thilander","year":"1973","journal-title":"European Journal of Oral Sciences"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.7717\/peerj.9545\/ref-76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/23.2.153","article-title":"Prevalence of malocclusion and orthodontic treatment need in children and adolescents in Bogota, Colombia: an epidemiological study related to different stages of dental development","volume":"23","author":"Thilander","year":"2001","journal-title":"European Journal of Orthodontics"},{"year":"2019","author":"United Nations Population Division","article-title":"International migrant stock 2019, graph: Twenty countries or areas of origin with the largest diaspora populations (millions)","key":"10.7717\/peerj.9545\/ref-77"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.9545\/ref-78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5624\/isd.2017.47.1.1","article-title":"Pharyngeal airway dimensions in skeletal class II: a cephalometric growth study","volume":"47","author":"Uslu-Akcam","year":"2017","journal-title":"Imaging Science in Dentistry"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.9545\/ref-79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1043\/0003-3219(2005)075<0204:ITSDAM>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Intermaxillary tooth size discrepancy and malocclusion: is there a relation?","volume":"75","author":"Uysal","year":"2005","journal-title":"Angle Orthodontist"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.7717\/peerj.9545\/ref-80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/cjp114","article-title":"Overall and anterior Bolton ratio in Class I, II, and III orthodontic patients","volume":"32","author":"W\u0119drychowska-Szulc","year":"2010","journal-title":"European Journal of Orthodontics"}],"container-title":["PeerJ"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/9545.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/9545.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/9545.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/9545.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,2]],"date-time":"2022-11-02T20:47:29Z","timestamp":1667422049000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/9545"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,15]]},"references-count":80,"alternative-id":["10.7717\/peerj.9545"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7717\/peerj.9545","archive":["CLOCKSS","LOCKSS","Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2167-8359"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2167-8359"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,15]]},"article-number":"e9545"}}