{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]],"date-time":"2026-06-13T11:37:45Z","timestamp":1781350665337,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"PeerJ","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,3]],"date-time":"2020-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1599091200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["31972591"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31972591"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"China Agriculture (Beef Cattle\/Yak) Research System"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n               <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Yak (<jats:italic>Bos grunniens<\/jats:italic>) is an ancient bovine species on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Due to extremely harsh condition in the plateau, the growth retardation of yaks commonly exist, which can reduce the incomes of herdsman. The gastrointestinal barrier function plays a vital role in the absorption of nutrients and healthy growth. Functional deficiencies of the gastrointestinal barrier may be one of the contributors for yaks with growth retardation.<\/jats:p>\n            <\/jats:sec>\n            <jats:sec>\n               <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>To this end, we compared the growth performance and gastrointestinal barrier function of growth-retarded (GRY) and normal yaks (GNY) based on average daily gain (ADG), serum parameters, tissue slice, real-time PCR, and western blotting, with eight yaks in each group.<\/jats:p>\n            <\/jats:sec>\n            <jats:sec>\n               <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>GRY exhibited lower (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05) average daily gain as compared to GNY. The diamine oxidase, D-lactic acid, and lipopolysaccharide concentrations in the serum of GRY were significantly higher (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05) than those of GNY. Compared to GNY, the papillae height in the rumen of GRY exhibited lower (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.004). In jejunum, with the exception of higher villus height, width, and surface area in GNY, numerical difference (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.61) was detected between two groups for crypt depth. Both in rumen and jejunum, the mRNA expression of interleukin-1beta in GRY was markedly higher (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05) than that in GNY, but an opposite trend was found in interleukin-10 expression. Moreover, GRY showed a higher (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05) tumor necrosis factor-alpha mRNA expression in the rumen. The claudin-1 (CLDN1), occludin (OCLN), and zonula occludens-1 (ZO1) expressions of GRY in rumen and jejunum were significantly down-regulated (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05) as compared to GNY. The correlation analysis identified that in rumen and jejunum, there was a positive correlation between interleukin-10 and CLDN1, OCLN, and ZO1 mRNA expressions, but the tumor necrosis factor-alpha was negatively correlated with CLDN1, OCLN, and ZO1. In the rumen, the ADG was positively correlated with papillae surface area, and a same relationship between ADG and CLDN1, OCLN, and ZO1 expressions was found.<\/jats:p>\n            <\/jats:sec>\n            <jats:sec>\n               <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>The results indicated that the ruminal and jejunal barrier functions of GRY are disrupted as compared to GNY. In addition, our study provides a potential solution for promoting the growth of GRY by enhancing the gastrointestinal barrier function.<\/jats:p>\n            <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.9851","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,3]],"date-time":"2020-09-03T08:15:29Z","timestamp":1599120929000},"page":"e9851","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Comparing the gastrointestinal barrier function between growth-retarded and normal yaks on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau"],"prefix":"10.7717","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Jian","family":"Ma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Low Carbon Breeding Cattle and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali Mujtaba","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Low Carbon Breeding Cattle and Safety Production 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