{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,10]],"date-time":"2023-11-10T09:14:46Z","timestamp":1699607686445},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"PeerJ","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,11]],"date-time":"2019-11-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1573430400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"USFS Co-op Agreement","award":["14-CA-11420004-138"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["14-CA-11420004-138"]}]},{"name":"Richard P. Garmany Fund"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:p>We critically re-examine nine of the ten fossil specimens currently assigned to Hepialidae. Three fossils with impressions of wing veins and scales placed in the fossil genus<jats:italic>Prohepialus<\/jats:italic>Piton, 1940, and two mummified larvae that show apomorphic characters, have features that support placement in Hepialidae. The other four fossils that we evaluate,<jats:italic>Prohepialus incertus<\/jats:italic>Piton, 1940;<jats:italic>Oiophassus nycterus<\/jats:italic>Zhang, 1989;<jats:italic>Protohepialus comstocki<\/jats:italic>Pierce, 1945; and a fossil scale, lack definitive hepialid characters. One of these,<jats:italic>Prohepialus incertus<\/jats:italic>Piton, 1940, appears to represent a symphytan (Hymenoptera), and is excluded from Lepidoptera. The fossilized wings placed in<jats:italic>Prohepialus<\/jats:italic>by Jarzembowski display numerous features that indicate a proximate phylogenetic relationship to extant members of the hepialid genus<jats:italic>Sthenopis<\/jats:italic>Packard and related genera.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.7982","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,11]],"date-time":"2019-11-11T09:48:40Z","timestamp":1573465720000},"page":"e7982","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Ghosts from the past: a review of fossil Hepialoidea (Lepidoptera)"],"prefix":"10.7717","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Thomas J.","family":"Simonsen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Natural History Museum Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David L.","family":"Wagner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States of America"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Heikkil\u00e4","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"4443","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.7982\/ref-1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Superclass Hexapoda","volume-title":"Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part R (Arthropoda-4), 3 and 4 (Superclass Hexapoda)","author":"Carpenter","year":"1992"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.7982\/ref-2","first-page":"65","article-title":"The Monotrysian Heteroneura","volume-title":"Lepidoptera, moths and butterflies 1, evolution, systematics, and biogeography. handbook of zoology, IV Arthropoda: Insecta, part 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